Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge
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Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings44 / 340
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00:00
Particle physicsSemiconductorSiloShip classHot workingGenerationParticle
01:56
SemiconductorSiloParticle physicsIceHahn, OttoCine filmMusical ensembleInterface (chemistry)Angeregter ZustandLightTrainWater vaporLimiterNoise figureAtomismMusical developmentIceConstellationParticleSnowCommunications satelliteCondenser (heat transfer)Summer (George Winston album)Order and disorder (physics)DayBird vocalizationYearCylinder headMinuteAutumnRulerTelephoneBook designMeeting/Interview
07:36
Particle physicsSemiconductorSiloHahn, OttoBird vocalizationToolMovement (clockwork)Magnetic coreKopfstützeModel buildingGround (electricity)FahrgeschwindigkeitSkySunlightPlanetAngeregter ZustandCell (biology)Musical developmentBasis (linear algebra)Kette <Zugmittel>MechanicHot workingMeeting/Interview
13:16
SemiconductorSiloHahn, OttoParticle physicsWeatherDrehmasseBird vocalizationFlavour (particle physics)PolishingCooling towerAngle of attackBuick CenturyAtomismMusical developmentMovement (clockwork)String theoryQuantumStarProzessleittechnikMeasuring instrumentRRS DiscoveryMeeting/Interview
17:16
SemiconductorSiloHahn, OttoParticle physicsCine filmBird vocalizationWill-o'-the-wispYearQuantumField-effect transistorRRS DiscoveryAtomismLightRoll formingVacuum tubeNorthrop Grumman B-2 SpiritPhotographyNyquist stability criterionGround station
21:56
SemiconductorParticle physicsHahn, OttoEffects unitDrehmasseLocherSummer (George Winston album)Ground (electricity)Musical development
23:56
SemiconductorSiloHahn, OttoParticle physicsCine filmCamera lensQuantumMolding (process)VisibilityMeasuring instrumentPhotographic plateSpare partElectronic componentClassical mechanicsMarsRoll formingHourMusical developmentContactorWeather frontCooling towerCylinder headMeeting/Interview
30:36
SemiconductorSiloParticle physicsHahn, OttoCine filmYearBird vocalizationPagerGround stationRoll formingRulerMeasuring instrumentAtomismHiltWeightSpare partCommunications satellite
35:16
SemiconductorSiloHahn, OttoParticle physicsBombCell (biology)Book designSpaceflightCardinal directionPower (physics)Group delay and phase delayHose couplingYearShip classTrainStonewareCosmic distance ladderGentlemanOrder and disorder (physics)AtomismSpare partRulerSeparation processSpantSteckverbinderSeries and parallel circuitsMeeting/Interview
43:55
SemiconductorHahn, OttoParticle physicsSiloCrystal structureAtomRadiationFACTS (newspaper)SizingUniverseHall effectCylinder headCartridge (firearms)SchwimmbadreaktorBasis (linear algebra)MachineBahnelementYearAtomismDrehmasseCOMPASS experimentEnergiesparmodusSpantMarine salvageMusical developmentGround stationRulerAtmospheric pressureHeat exchangerMeeting/Interview
52:35
Computer animation
Transcript: English(auto-generated)
00:15
Ladies and gentlemen, it is a wonderful opportunity to scientists which have had the good fortune
00:30
to be occupied with studies and have managed to succeed in giving some contribution to
00:44
the common human intelligence of knowledge, to be able to come together and especially to meet young people who have to bring the new blood in the world.
01:11
Now, I would say that everything in science, every contribution is about us.
01:23
We live on the contribution of our previous generations. And the work is to be compared to what the interest, the pleasure is to see how the whole
01:57
interface is created by contributions.
02:06
Now, I have to give nothing new to most of you, but only to assume there is some light
02:24
in what we have learned in atomic physics and what helps us to look into something.
02:41
I would like to say a few words about what everybody knows, that the idea of the limited divisibility of matter goes back to antiquity, both introduced by trying to understand that
03:11
all which trains in nature in spite of the very great immense viability of the
03:23
physical phenomena. Take a very simple example, just what kind of constellation it is, that if we think of exceptions like water, then it is a wonderful experience that the state of this
03:45
system can be changed, that it ends poverty, that by heating up the water may evaporate, steam, gas, and if it, then that it may form, and drinking water may form ice, which
04:20
here there are no very beautiful snow crystals, perhaps it is not singable at any rate
04:29
in the beautiful summer day at the lake here. Now, well, transportation, like witchcraft, is still more difficult than the stuff,
04:57
that the steam can be condensed, and that the ice made it to form exactly the same
05:07
water with properties, but of course, if we assume that the water molecules just remain
05:20
in all the different sources, then we can explain these various properties by saying that by the evaporation that the particles grow from each other, and by the condensation
05:41
brought in the same old, small distances, and that with the highest possibility due to the small emotions of the more vital order, and that is, again, changed by the
06:07
only two simple orders to speak about, the interest is that for a long time it was thought that the cost, costless sense of, of our, to get, to allow the observations
06:34
of the individual atoms. Now, we know that that was the reading of our probabilities
06:46
that by the marvelous development of the technique of the art of experimentation, the speaking of wonderful modifications, devices, it is possible to see effects of
07:11
individual atoms. Well, it is very much we must admire, whisper, and apply ideas and
07:28
figures used for the communication of ordinary experience in the individual field by ordinary
07:41
experience. We also know that in this individual field there are other laws. It is not possible to keep to the ordinary physical laws, which we call the classical physics. We have to
08:09
go very much further, beginning so long, but that in the classical physics there
08:25
are so many possibilities. The development of mechanics after the path of wonderful genius of Newton to the sky, working even on the planets on our own, does lack a
08:54
chain, continuous chain of events. The sky is by the sky the state of the system,
09:03
by its position of its path and the most of its path, and that these different chains were uniquely connected in the so-called social description, does matter, uniquely connected
09:34
through the laws of conservation of energy and momentum.
09:40
Now, it was thought that these same kinds of descriptions were possible also in the field of the electric and magnetic phenomena. We know how Wachter was able, on the basis
10:02
of the historical comedy, to develop of such kinds. It was necessary not only to take in the electromagnetic system the position of the electrified and magnetized
10:23
bodies, but also to introduce, keep according, the tendency of the political electric fields
10:40
point of space. Now, I made something which is to become so known to everybody. I might just say about the development in the theory that it was impossible to any
11:14
change in the velocity of light dependent on the motion of the earth or the sun.
11:27
That is, we all know, that it is not only that different cells move in relative different
11:41
velocities. In the range, even so, that one has to use different paths, that two events, which were one or the other, were assumed to happen simultaneously, might
12:07
fall and other happens before and after each other. Only speaking about relativity, only to have fewer marks. Then it was possible, Christ said, not to consider this as a
12:28
complication, but as a way to find laws, traits, laws of physics, common to all of physics, common to all of those, and one is of course the relationship between
12:47
inner-ly and one who, I'll do it, in to use mathematical abstractions as for the
13:05
mental non-Euclidean geometry. But now it is central, and that is why I say also for the other things I was speaking about, that mathematics is not something similar
13:23
to science to be developed by getting a new presentation. Mathematics is a development of the movement. It is even so, that these fundamental abstractions, they have the
13:49
best describe in the common sense, the fundamental definitions, and they are operational
14:02
could be on it. They are practically possible, simply in which, now in this language I
14:27
said, that as regard to description in the relative description, that of course this thing which sharply changed things. If that was not connected with the formalism,
14:47
then of course it was our possibility to speak about it. Another point is, in the relativity theory, that it assumes that the number of atoms in the world are
15:07
various, hence they are so large that we can make instruments within small regions, instruments where we do not speak of the criminal purposes, of the curvature,
15:27
I say curvature of strings. We can make instruments with a lot to measure angles. Let it all, for those two reasons of course, there was not the slightest
15:43
physical content in the theory of relativity. Further forward is that it is implicit that just like in the classical mechanics, we can over the phenomena in a prescription,
16:07
in effect, in all these ways, then the theory of relativity is a wonderful generalization.
16:31
For now the great change leading up to the star waves, leading up to the great change, came with the discovery of the universal quantifier. The first year,
16:50
the century by the discovery, revealed a process which went far by the
17:13
relativity of matter. It meant that theories of quantum mechanics, of classical physics,
17:27
were generalizations. It could only be applied to phenomena on certain scales, that the action involved analysis sold out the quantum that it can be neglected,
18:01
in the spirit. When it comes to atomic forces, we have to recognize, of a kind for which we cannot give simple pictures, but with the nevertheless
18:24
stability on which our own bodies are made, that now does it.
18:47
That, due to the form of individual photo effects, that actually we had to do with what we call
19:16
a light quantum, where, actually, we call the location, or a term in the
19:37
corpuscular description of light. In the great picture, the theory,
19:43
does account for interference, phenomena. Thereby we had two features, which had to be used in what we will now call a complementary manner.
20:05
That was the first time that said things came to the view of physics. Now, well, it was found to be possible, very early on the ideas of Einstein,
20:31
then making use of the knowledge, we got the world discovery of atomic tubes. It was possible to account for, at any rate, certain fields of experience,
20:50
but that was very unsatisfactory, because one could not get logical consistency
21:03
before one had the knowledge of the classical physics. Third way, that definition of the world, we take from Dr. Phillips,
21:22
and this we have harmonious theorization, we cannot apply that in the consistent manner. I shall not speak about how this came about.
21:41
You see here, many of those people who contributed most precisely to this thing, people like Heisenberg or Dirac and the others, I think will only say that,
22:02
as a garden like this, we miss Schrodinger for such a last society. Now, the point is that the developer has learnt something
22:21
about what we may call objective description. What do we mean by objective description? That sounds so consistent. We simply mean to describe experience in a way that depends on subjective judgment.
22:49
And now, if you speak quite simply about it, it means that the answers to the questions we put later in Thomas Green, he is given in just fine by the terminology of Dr. Phillips.
23:19
Now, that is actually what we do in all human experimentation, in all the fields.
23:33
Then there are measurements, something which are true that we can tell
23:58
They are the dispositions, or the devotions we give in the experiments,
24:11
taken which are borrowed.
24:31
They are just such measurements, measurements of many kinds,
24:40
a part of diaphragms, lenses and photographic plates. Then Mars can only fly just a spot which can be developed after a photographic plate and hit by a letter. Now there is a point.
25:02
These recordings, they involve complicated, irrevertible purposes. But that is no difficulty whatsoever in interpreting ourselves.
25:20
Or rather, it just reminds us and stresses the irreversibility which is in the concept of observation itself. That is a point which one does not always spoon or mold in the classical theory,
25:49
but it actually is what one does. There are also we see some times when one can then,
26:02
surely, a psychological reason, philosophical reason says, has now been in between a field of self. But the point is that surely it is the classical mechanics is to be understood so that at the very steps in a phenomenon are really carried out and completed.
26:31
But now in the quantum theory, there we have just this limited visibility of the phenomenon.
26:45
Therefore, in the classical physics, we just assume that we can compensate in observation.
27:00
For the interaction of the influence and the objects under observation, or at any rate compensate for that. But in quantum phenomena, this interaction forms an integral part of phenomena
27:24
for which no separate account is possible, largely impossible, if the instrument shall serve the purpose of defining the experimental area.
27:41
Now it is obvious to a mind about a few other main points. Now, when we under such conditions, then we have in the quantum physics, we have that under one and the same.
28:03
We find it when men find it. As far as we can define it at all, we have to define it. We may observe different corresponding to different individual components.
28:21
Therefore, the description is the approach to the statistical approach. It is simply imperative, it is indispensable. In other words, that if you have phenomena, observe under different experiments.
28:40
It cannot be brought together in, say, in one classical picture. Then we say that at first, such a phenomena contrasts with the other.
29:03
They have to be regarded as complementary. In that sense, that they together exhaust information which can be obtained and defined about objects.
29:23
Now the great thing in the development of the mathematical methods of quantum physics is that such simple considerations spoken about can never involve any logical contradiction
29:43
just due to the mathematical consistency of the quantum mechanical formulism. This formulism, or in particular to do very long,
30:03
the statistical laws holding forward observations under given experimental conditions, actually over varied hours pass all our experience.
30:23
There are, nothing has finished, we will have to learn a lot of problems. There's a problem that I should speak of with us today, about the kind of further apartments from pictorial statistics,
30:41
which may emerge if it comes to phenomena where, we may say, or not, that they take place within very small extension of space. But that doesn't mean that the description we have in other fields,
31:02
that these things I've spoken about, can ever be changed. They have the possibility to be committed just because
31:25
quantum physics by experimental instruments cannot be used if we come to make something very much smaller than the atomic systems. Now I draw a field from where I've done it.
31:48
This is the fundamental description to which we are offered in quantum physics.
32:03
That means, first of all, that we watch the beyond by experiments, we help to remind ourselves of the essential part of the experimental arrangement
32:21
that has to do with the condition of experiment and the definition of ourselves. Now, such a situation is new in physics. But, not in other fields.
32:43
We are formed in a very familiar way, with the implicit or explicit of certain situations under which.
33:06
Now, I suggest something about these problems as a guard or attitude. To, first of all, I would say, say a few words about psychological experience,
33:32
psychological experience. That certainly varies from physics,
33:44
and it is a field where it is not so simple to speak about, to speak about objective description. What we are aiming at is that in description of that experience,
34:01
communication of that experience, we use words like thought and thought to mutually exclusive situations, like a different little intervention in atomic physics. And so we cannot, at the same time, have a feeling of volition
34:24
and ponder about the motives for us. Such words are used in a typical complementary manner, since it is very...
34:40
Now, we say it's that it is specific. In objective description, we in physics, or atomic physics, we never refer to specific.
35:03
Sometimes we speak as we do, like that, but that is absolutely not necessary, and disturb the actual meaning, because we need not say who is without their influence, whether we find that they are, or what.
35:22
And the actual observation is absolutely dependent on how many or how few look at it. The actual objective is to respect it.
35:41
But we speak about psychospheres, we say, I, I think, or I mean, or so, and how does that, that we, in atomic physics,
36:03
must tell how, under what conditions the experience is. But there comes that it is true, we use for anthropological reasons to say I, but when we say I mean, or I will,
36:25
then we add a verb to the pronouncements, just to end the man's way. Now, this seems all so philosophical,
36:42
make it short, maybe so unfair. I want just to refer to a story in the Danish literature, very briefly. What a poet wrote a book about the energy of a Danish student.
37:10
Poet speaks about connections between young people, discussions among them, and so on, and of different situations.
37:20
And what I want to refer to is, physically, a talk between two persons, the one very practical one, very efficient, one of those which students in Denmark used to call philistans.
37:42
I don't know what it is in Germany, but the other was a man who was very apt to philosophical meditation, but to play the stones for this whole part of life.
38:05
Another situation is that this other, very efficient, tries to help him in getting his things better, and he arranges, and he can get some sensible occupation to have a job, that's one. So, this is the same America,
38:24
and he arranges all things for him. He comes back to find absolutely lots of history. Then he says, how can that be? And then this poor, this in change I always call, this in change, he says, I'm better at politics,
38:43
but that is all not so simple. It is very easy for you to speak of me, but I must think of that I, which controls that control, what you call me.
39:03
But, as soon I make my luck, you know, it's getting much worse, and I really think of an I, which think of that I, which controls what you call me, and then one gets a cold series of eyes between us all,
39:25
who shall determine. And then he says, try very hard to get order in my eyes, but give it up, get a terrible headache,
39:41
and give up to do something. Now, this is told with very fine humor, which I have not been able to produce, it is so gross. But the point is, that's a very true description
40:01
of the position of every bonus. It is the position which we are in, where children learn from their parents, or play with each other, how it's in a way which is not too impossible.
40:26
It has also to learn that one has to get a good interview with him, as I also are in children's play. And the point is, it is the actual situation.
40:41
We may say here we have the possibility of, so to say, change in the world, separation between the separate numbers. It is that which gives the possibility for describing the region of the conscious life,
41:04
similar as it is just this out-relations, this new, wild frame with a common mentality, with love and physics, a cult,
41:24
very, very much like, and anything which could at all be defined within the framework of the classical physics. It is also from such a view,
41:43
when one speaks about mysticism or pragmatism and so on, they are all parts of what normally one can be interested in, and gives room for the two things.
42:14
But I should like to say a few more words.
42:23
Then we come to the so-called ethical problem. And now, it is not new what I am going to say. We then ask, what are the worst things?
42:40
The worst, they are, in such fields, essentially justice and charity. And all societies try to combine these two things, and it is also clear that you cannot have
43:01
some order society without some kind of fair play regulated in the judicial rules. But it is also clear that life is very poor if you cannot use words like friendship or love.
43:24
And now, for the point is, we have an unambiguous applicability of judicial rules. Then there is lots to do.
43:41
No room for applying word charity. But convergence has more distance by the great points in the world of studies,
44:01
that compassion and good will can bring absolute conditional rule. So, there we have two words again. And it is very interesting, which are used in a complementary manner.
44:24
It is very interesting that just like simple machinery cannot be described when you bring such things as space and time description, conservation of inner momentum,
44:41
but it has to be really different if you go to the five details. So, it is also that the final reason of the human life that we, in description, have set away.
45:01
And that is, of all the things about how that was so strongly practiced in the old Chinese philosophy a long time ago, a thousand years ago, where the gay lousy, the saint that's been looking for harmony in life,
45:23
we must realize that we are, ourselves, the actors as well as the spectators. For now, for now it is very interesting, but as we speak nowadays, we are very interested
45:45
in comparing different cultures, in comparing the kind, the health in different societies, behavior, everything is often very different.
46:01
One might say, this is analogous to the theory of creativity, because there we know how differently different ourselves may describe. Experience, one and the same experience. But the situation is very different from that.
46:23
Because in the relativity theory, and really the value of relativity theory is, that it is first by means of principle of common terminology.
46:40
For each of us, in a different frame of reference, we will arrange experience. That is what even the value to trace in our knowledge. But these traditions on which nations live,
47:03
they are very many historical, and it is not such a simple thing to appreciate traditions of that kind on the basis of traditional knowledge. We may even say, just a little bit, how we thought,
47:23
to appreciate the prejudices of one nation, or the terms of the prejudices of another. So therefore, sometimes one speaks about, or could speak about, that these pleasures are complementary to each other.
47:42
First, that is where we are, because the complementary description in atomic physics and psychology is simply unavoidable. We can, by contact, exchange to a certain degree, traditions.
48:06
And there are candidates, new countries are, but in valuable elements of the culture. Now, this is also so very simple as I spoke about,
48:24
where it is only to say that it is most, to actually, to have the common view.
48:43
And tell the species no, being so not. That's atomic physics. Then, of course, human position is essentially the same
49:14
due to the fair reformality or means of destruction
49:22
which come into human hands. And lest we get some kind between the nations in common, it may threaten human survival. Now, this is a new situation,
49:43
has no, no proceedings in the history. And therefore, most of it is a very, very different situation
50:04
in which humanity is, but one must try to see how can one increase compliance between nations. And I will just end by saying that one of the inherent, one of the greatest pressures in having taken part
50:24
in scientific is the possibility in the culture of approach to establish friendship and to study between scientists of different nations,
50:46
quite independent from traditions of all kinds. And I think that that is one, before which we are picking off, one of the ways by which some basis for can be created.
51:11
And I think especially when we are together with the young people who will have to seek such development of the moment
51:29
and rather salvage in the future, just that is therefore hope that such kind of contrast,
51:45
which I told of today, which we have learned from just from pure science to get consistency in all the things. I'm forced to think of many kinds of human relations
52:03
and I hope that contributed something to the great task now.
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