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What is so Special about Nuclear Spins?

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What is so Special about Nuclear Spins?
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Without Richard Ernst, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy perhaps would have remained an esoteric research tool for some specialists. His inventions, however, led to such a sharp increase in its detection speed and sensitivity that they started the era of high-resolution NMR. Thus NMR could become both an indispensable complement to X-ray crystallography in the field of structural biology and the basis for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which plays such an important role in medical diagnosis today. When he first came to Lindau in 1992, in the year after he had received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991, Ernst explained the principles of NMR and their current application in this long lecture of nearly 80 minutes in German language. Through his characteristic combination of scientific gravity, humor and playfulness, Ernst ensures that his talk is worth every minute and never bores the audience, although he goes into much technical detail especially in its last third. Certain properties of hydrogen nuclei, namely their intrinsic magnetic spin, form the basis of NMR, Ernst initially remarks. In an external magnetic field these spins align in one of two possible quantum states, either parallel or anti-parallel to the field. Radio waves whose frequency match the energy difference between these two states cause the nuclei to flip over from one spin state to the other. As soon as the radio waves are switched off, the nuclei relax back to their initial state and send out radio signals themselves. When these signals are recorded in NMR spectra, they can help to reveal the structure of molecules. Applying this principle, however, requires exposing a compound to a steadily tuned sweep of radio waves, and makes NMR spectroscopy slowly as a snail. Ernst speeded up the process by exposing a compound to a series of short radio pulses and plotting all the signals together as a function of time after each pulse. A computer converts this complex graph into the conventional NMR pattern, using the mathematical calculation of Fourier transformation. Ernst compares this to striking all keys of a piano at once without losing harmony: “What’s being introduced here, is polyphony in nuclear resonance.” Resonating nuclei are like spies that we can use to gain structural information, says Ernst, and a typical molecule contains around 100 of such spies. To elucidate a structure and the bonding network of a molecule, it is necessary to detect the interdependencies between those spies and to know their spatial correlation. This information cannot be represented in one dimension, but requires two-dimensional (2-D) NMR, which Ernst invented in the early 1970s based on an idea by Jean Jeener, as he explains. 2-D NMR enabled NMR spectroscopy to advance to a stage at which it could be used to identify the structure of large biomolecules, a development pioneered by Kurt Wüthrich (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002). In his lecture, Ernst introduces several compounds whose structure and/or dynamics in solution have been analyzed by NMR, including antamanide, a cyclic decapeptide from the death cap fungus; the insulin-like growth factor; thioredoxin; and the antibiotic anthramycin in its interaction with a DNA fragment. He also discusses NMR in solids, using the example of polymer blends, and explains how one can study chemical reactions by means of NMR. The whole lecture resonates with Ernst’s delight in being a scientist. “Research belongs to the basic instincts of humankind”, he says. “Who does not research and study any more, has actually lost his human dignity.” For this reason, he welcomes his entire audience in Lindau with “Dear students”. Joachim Pietzsch
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Transcript: English(auto-generated)
Liebe studenten, liebe studenten. Ich glaube das diese anrede eigenlich, alle anwesenden Drefensolteten. Vorschung gehörtir eigenlich zu den Uhrtrieben der Menscheidt, und ist verandportlich für alle uns reiden und leiden.
Und wer nicht mehr studiert, und nicht mehr Vorschter hat der eigenlich seine Menschen wirde Verloren, und wer möchte das von sich selps behaupten. Nunn, wie sie hören worte ich geppeten in dieser Merkwürtigen Sprache zu sprechen von der Mann behauptet, das sie einen färnte verwannchaft
mit dem Deutschen hat. Nunn, wir bewinnen und sieerja in mereiten den lindau in einer Greinzregion mit dein Stachen Sprache Gradienten zwischen dem Kesselschaft kängigen Hochdeutsch, und dem Öhrigend und Holpergen Zwietzerdeutsch.
Und sofjort den meine Sprache hebeschrenkteit zu ein krom Promis der ergen 2 intermitet es borden seh is am zu siedel nicht. Nunn, alze intermitet was sehr viel Wasser hat, und Wasser oder genauer Wasserstoff mit seinem
Adamkirchen dem Brodung. Das ist ein ich das Hauptemmer meines Vortrages. Und es sind soze Sagen die Eigenchaften, des Wasserstoff kerns, die Grundlage der kernes en anchpectroskop Bausmache, die heute wie in der ein leitung gesagt worden, ist ein soe norme Bracktische beteutung erlangtat.
Dis ist also, des pudels kern. Nunn, betrachten wir ein Mal, den Baum der erkrentnis der Wissenschaften. Nunn, die Aufgebe der Wissenschaft der erkrentnis,
ist die sehr phenomene zuruch zu führen auf einfach gesetzse. Wir haben ersin seh Mal auf der Oppesen eben, die vielzalder meditienischen phenomene, die durch einfach beulogische, erklerungen, begründet werden, wir können dan die beulogie zuruch führen auf einfach
kemische gesetzse, und schleu säntlich auf die Physik, woh eben dan nunn och ein ein siegesgesetz, hier vorhärst und wie inen Professor Lambe, heute morgen, das sehltad, das ist in .zie, beben die schreutinger gleichung. Nunn, um eben von eben et zu eben et zu gelangen,
brauchen wir eine Leiter, und die Leiter die wird, hergesstelt beispilzweise eben, durch die kernresenan, späckt das kopbien. Und sie zen, die Leiter ist in Blau, und Blau, das ist die Farabitter Physik. Sie ist eine Physikalische Leiter, mit der wir verzuchen eben,
die seferschiedenen eben, mit den anden infarbindung zu, breng und ich möch het dienen, das ein hand von einigen, beisch bilden gerade, erm anfangzeigen. Und das erste bild, seich dienen einen Piltz. Das ist der Grünne knollen bleiter Piltz. Und der Grünne knollen bleiter Piltz,
wie sie wissen ist extremgeftig. Und entellt vorschiedene Gifte, die Falloidiene beispinzweise, und amann die Dien, das ist die Gifte ken Komponenten, und bleichzeitigant, heilte nuchen Weitersmolekul. Und sehr interessantes, das sie auf den nächsten Bildzein,
das ist anta manid. Und anta manid ist ein sükliche Stecherpeptid, mit vier Brodienen here, vier fenühl alerni, alernin und warin sind die 10 amino sieren, und das ist den nun ein gegen Gifte, ein gegen Gifte gegen die Falloidiene,
und Merkurüdiker weiße ist das imselben Piltzen Talten, heißen ab duurlich nicht das sie den Piltz, esen Genießen Salten, den auch die vorschwinden kleine Menge von anta manid, wirat sie nicht vortem sich gern Todreten. Nun, wir möchten dat duurlich gernen verstehen,
wie das anta manid wiracht. Was ist seine Structur, was ist seine Funktion, dat zu müssel wir zu erzen mal eben, die molecularis Structur, die drei dimensionar ist Structur, von ein zochen molecularil agrunden kleine, das kammen im Prinzib mit der kernes, nan spectros kopie. Nexus bild siek den ein bild
von anta manid in drei dimensionen, nun diese Structur von anta manid, wörde schon viel frührer, mit trunken kristallografie, bestimmt und zwar durch frau Isabella Kralle, die in de zweiten Reie hir von es ist. Und im Prinzib ausen für Structur,
und der sohungen dieser Art, ist anum für sich die kernes, nan spectros kopie nicht nordwändig. Abbe, was man glaichzeitige geben kann, ist auch it wast über dunamik, von molecularil en zu lernen. Und auf dem Nexen bild, sehen sie die dunamik, sie sehen das hier ange deute, das das molecularil eben nicht ein Stareske bild,
sehen das gebild sich bewächt, und bewähung von sohgen großen molecularil, ist eben extrem wichtig für die Reaktivität, und molecularil musich anpassen kronen, das ist mit ander molecularil Reaktiren kann. Und hier seigen sich non eben die greentzen, der runken Structur annalüse, und die kernes nanz hat dir, non wirklich möglichkeiten,
die anderswort nicht exis die, und man kann das alles in luisung, direct im naturlichen medium, eben tun. Nunn es gibt weit das wehr als ein briehen sieben, ein biologische Speißbiel, wir können auch ein nicht nur für Hührgen, und die kernes nanz sind demedit sien anwenden. Ein das nechste bild,
seich dienen ein kernes nanz schnitt bild, doch einen Kopf, den ist ein umris sehir sie führ eicht, kennen wenn ich mich von der Seit, dit siege, und die sehen, merk würdinger weiße, hat des het das im Kopf, arbe, wenn sie bedenken, das mein mich kernes nanze,
bein nur den Wasserin, halt fächts stellen kann, dann ist das vielwäliger eindrück. Nunn, das ist nicht, das hier ist nicht boden sei Wasser, sonen, das ist hoch werdige, schweitze kwellwasser.
Nunn, auf dem nächsten bild, sehen sieh eitwass, was man, eben sehr gut, das stellen kann, mit kernes nanz, es kann ich hinen leiter, in meinem Kopf, nicht seigen, Nunn, auf dem nächsten bild, bein nicht tomore, das zu brauch, man eben hier eine Weisse Maus, eine nachte Maus, und das ich man, diesen tomore, sehr schön abge bild, mit kernes nanz, imaging.
Nunn, auf dem nächsten bild, sehen sieh das man, auch kernes nanz, mikroskopiebet drabendreiben, kann man kann sehr kleine objekte, arne schauen hier, ein froch ei, mit ein durchmeister von eins komma funf, millimeter, insisted in this. auf dem nächsten bild, auch sehr große objekte, hier beißwiss weiße, ein kwärschneht, duch einen Stamm,
und man weisstchenen, kann weichs material, hier neuchleben, diest und weichs tote. Wiedrom, auf kronntes wasse, gehalt ist was hellest, ist wasse, und dar ist, und tellt im keine wasse. Nunn, auf was ist diee segance mit dodig begründe, im Prinseb, tie beben auf, eigeniever,
von elemenntar, And you can also implement the same thing in a diagram. We have here a mass function, which is called the Galatian function. But what is especially interesting about an element is that
the whole thing is a magnetic moment. Here with a north pole, here with a south pole. And at the same time, I have a 3-impulse. This can be written here as this axis. So we have a combination of magnetic moment and a mechanical 3-impulse.
And that is due to the magnetic resonance phenomenon. So, for example, you have an oyster magnet. And we will show you the next step. The opposite of that. Here you can see that it is important to know what the magnetic moment is. For instance, I want to show you that in the 3-imps,
the magnetic moment is molecular, photovoltaic, spectroscopy, material,
This is what I have here. I also want to show you a magnetic device here. The magnet is connected to a magnetic moment.
And we can see that this system has a 3-impulse. And this can be written here as a magnetic moment. So it is satisfied that you have a 3-impulse, and I believe that it is the magnetic moment.
You can see from kindergarten what happens when a crystal is hit, and the crystal is blasted. And I have no idea what the crystal is. And then you can see something. But what does it mean? It means that you need to practice. Practice on your own. You need to practice the whole thing.
You need to practice from kindergarten. And it is not that you are not interested in this moment. We need to use the magnetic force. And then, after that, this mechanical moment, when we make a magnetic force, I come with the magnetic field here, and I see that it is very difficult to practice.
And this precision can be used next to this bit here. Since here I have a magnetic field, the atom can be used with its magnetic field to practice this precision. And this is not just a great phenomenon.
This precision is not just the rotation frequency that I am talking about. So this precision is what you need to practice. This is what you need to know. And after the next bit, since it is very difficult to practice, you need to understand that the uphanging of the local magnetic field
is the precision of the frequency. We have here our magnetic field, the vertical angle, here the precision of the magnetic moment, here a strong magnetic field, here a strong magnetic field, until the precision of the frequency omega is proportional to the local magnetic field.
So here a long-term magnetic field and here a strong magnetic field. And you can see that there are two chemicals in the field. That is the chemical field, which is the one of the most important, and that is Professor Lampe, who is one of the most important people in the world.
And the second thing is that you have to use a magnetic field gradient. And this magnetic field gradient allows you to use a negative frequency and a negative frequency to understand it. And you have to use a magnetic field gradient
to understand it. And that is the main reason that a magnetic field gradient can be used. So first of all, this is relative. One of the most important physical models was made by Ullenbeck and Goodsmiths in 1900. For example,
in the early 1920s, Arthur Compton was born in 1901, but that was not the case at all. So this is the most important model of this model. So you have to use the magnetic field gradient.
Here you have Ullenbeck, but there is also a Doctorand, and Goodsmiths was a diplomat, and he had this paper to read. So the first thing he did was not read,
so Pauli had shown a paper to read, and it was the same thing, but here it was a classic, not-so-great art of two things. It was the same phenomenon and it was the same thing, but it was a classic, not-so-great art of two things. And this model here,
which is important to us, is that it is not a model, but that it is a kind of art of two things. So, Pauli didn't have to write a letter in his life with the word Christland, so he wrote it,
and it was Pauli, and he said that the most people in the world are working and they don't work with their children,
they work with their children, or their best friends. So, the work of theory is very complex here, and it is still a part of the work. And of course, we are all looking at the Schrodinger law.
We have here the Schrodinger law. Normally, one doesn't have a relativistic Hamilton operator. Here, for example, and it was possible that the Schrodinger law invariant came up with Lorentz transformation,
and it had a relativistic Hamilton operator as well. So, one can use this word instead of the quantum mechanics principle. It has the quadratic quadratic and the quantum vector, which is relative to one, and then we have the un-quadratic quadratic here.
The quadratic is the only way to apply it and the second way to apply it is to use the quantum mechanics as well. Also, it has the linear equivalent that the function of this complex Hamilton operator must be equal to the
alpha function, and it has to say that the normal function is 4x4, and it has to be reduced to a relativistic limit and therefore it has to be equal to 2x4, and this term is
equal to the electron spin. The s is the electron spin that, with the magnetic field that we are controlling, here we have the geomagnetic field that is our dream pulse with the magnetic moment, and so on, but it is not physical.
So, today, the most elementary element is the magnetic field that we are controlling. The electron, the fermion has a spin, a magnetic moment, the meson, the boson
has no spin, the baryon has a spin, and so on. The proton, the neutron, the electron also has the magnetic field. So, the quaion is what is completed, it is given to you for the magnetic moment, and so on.
The proton, the neutron has a quaion, and so on. The spin quaion, the null, the quaion, and so on. So, the quaion is the relative light of the electron, but the quaion is the magnetic moment, which is very strong.
So, we are going to do the next part, the next part. And first of all, we are going to take the quaion, we are going to take the quaion with the quaion, and the next part of the quaion is what we are going to do, first of all,
the next part we are going to do is the quaion with the external magnetic field, the second part of the quaion the quantum quaion. We are going to take the quaion and add the power quaion
to the quaion and then we are going to do the quantum quaion magnetically coupled, and then the chemical energy, the energy, the magnetic field, and the energy. So, what is most important here is the growth of this electrical component.
I have here an energy scale, which is an enormous amount of 9 eV by 10 eV minus 15 eV. And we know that normally, the chemical, the biology, depends on the growth of an electron in the state. This is the most important thing.
And we know that the typical physicists, here with only 9 growth amounts of energy, and naturally, this is the result, can increase the growth of the chemical. On the other hand, the energy that we gain here, the energy that we gain here,
this is about 10 times smaller than the thermal energy or the energy that we gain in the chemical, and this is also very important. And this is why it is so good to develop a chemical-related medicine.
We are going to learn about the benefits of medicine. The medicine is not only for the physical health, but also for the health of the body, and also the health of the brain, and also for the health of all of us. There are not enough brain-to-brain magnets, there is enough brain-to-brain magnets, MRI, magnetic resonance imaging, and not just an MRI,
even though this works for the brain, the brain,
In this molecule, we have the blood, the veins,
that is the vasostomatome, and in this vasostomatome, there is a protein, and we have here a very important molecule. We have 100 neurons that we, with a center of expression, can use for our information, and that we can use as a function. As we have here, these neurons here are very important.
And when you see a human being, you can see a lot of neurons. Here, for example, in the brain, the cell is here, and the angle is here, it is 10, 7, and 20. And there is, what I call,
a very important cell in the body, a very important cell in the brain. And this leaves us with information, and this is what is most important, the inner form. So, the information can be found here, first of all, the chemical identity that we have here,
we have here the genes, we have here the vasostomes, the proteins, and we have here the resonance resonance, we have the blood resonance, the resonance resonance,
the blood resonance, the blood resonance, the blood resonance, the spectrum, and the chemical resonance, the spectrum, we can also see that the spectrum can be characterized and the information can be used.
Then, of course, there is no structural information, but in the end, there is a spectrum. Then, we have the next building. So, what we have done is to say a melody that is very cool to play. We are going here, frequent, frequent,
so that in here, each of us can emit his or her own frequency, and we have here the characteristic melody, this is a bit different, very cool to play here. Then, the next building, this is a melody that is very cool.
You can see the one in the middle, the claviatur angel, the broad side, this is here the start, the opening of the neck, here the spectrum, the long side, the side, and that is very cool and not only economic, but also living side. We must have an effective process here
and not only that, but we also need to make sure that the tone is heard and the claviatur is in the right place. I don't want to do that, but that's why we have an analysis,
and the next building is a Fourier analyzer, which is not just a computer, but also a Fourier analyzer, and you can see here the frequency of these three inductions here. You can see the impulse response, you can see the pulse and the oscillation,
and here you can see the spectrum, the identification, the frequency, and so on. Next building, this was invented in 1900. It was founded by various associates
in Palo Alto, the E.D. and the mayor of West Anderson. It was invented, that was my chief of the E.D. and the mayor of the E.D. was a patent by Russell Varian. That was the chief, the former of the next building.
This is in here, with the most important magnet, which is a block that is used for a first experiment, that is Russell Varian. And it was here, in 1900, the second experiment, which was
Fourier analyzing the recorded signal to obtain the Fourier components leading to enhanced sensitivity. This is not the beginning, the Fourier spectroscopy that we have, this is just the beginning. And the next building, this is here, with a few inductions,
the Fourier transformation, which is used for a short amount of chemistry. And here is a normal experiment, that is in total mass, which is here, and this is not the beginning.
This is the beginning, the information is here, much more evident in the mass. This is the beginning. And then, this is the information which is the information given.
What is the most important structure of the Fourier solution is the correlation of information. We must find the real value here, we need to find the real value here, we need to find the real value here, we need to find the real value here. We have to find the multimagnetic magnetic field of the room.
Two magnetic moments with the other magnetic field. And the magnetic field hangs up from the three potentials and leaves us with the same information. This is the first information. Here, the most important magnetic field,
with the magnetic field, proportional to one over three, and when we are the most important, we need to find the real value of two. Here, in the center there is the power of the magnetic field for the second magnetic field.
This is the one magnetic field that our information leaves. The description of the two magnetic fields is the real magnetic field. We have a circle and a real magnetic field. The real magnetic field is the magnetic field that is the magnetic field. And if I'm going to show you the magnetic field, and I'm going to show you
the three magnetic fields that are the most important. This is what I'll be sharing in the experiment in organic chemicals. You can see this. And this is the magnetic field that is the most important magnetic field in the spectrum. So, when you come to a multiplex here, a triplet, here, a doublet for a doublet, here, a complete
set of multiples, that means that this is exactly what we are going to do for the next work. That is the basic information. We have the global information, we have the road information, and then we also have
molecular structures and solutions, when we have the structure of the genome. So, the question is, how do we get the information out there? In one dimension of the spectrum, it is not really that big.
I have to admit that it is quite small, but it is a little bit bigger. And the general idea is that, starting from Jean Genier, next is built, a brilliant physical house, built, and this is the idea of the two-dimensional spectroscopy.
When we have a correlation of information, we have to find a correlation diagram. We have the diagram, for this element here, we have to work with it. And here, in this element, the correlation information is here.
We know that this object F is related to the object C. We know that this object G is related to the object R.
This is the correlation information. And this can be used in a binary network, or in a binary network. Or, it can be used in a binary network, where the object F is related to the object C.
So, for example, it is abstract for you, and when I have a binary network, and I want to show you that with the object F, to demonstrate, I will show you how to do that. For example, dimension is, I think, a very long object,
but it can be used in multiple dimensions, like the line and the line here, and what the dimension is, but the dimension is not the same. And that is naturally used in a correlation diagram,
and that is why we have to find it. And here we can also find information about the information we have here, and we can say, yes, we have to find the dimension of the object,
We need to be serious, and we need to do something else.
And we need the structure of something else. We must ensure that these experiments, the rota-experiment and the scalper-experiment, are being displayed in the information. Then, in the next world sense,
we need a rich 2 dimensional spectrum. Here we draw with this diagonal, with the other diagonal peaks, and in this special sense, the linearity of these two diagonal peaks will be displayed in the inner space in the next world sense. This is the main problem, that there can be, for this resonance,
with the current resonance, there can be, for this resonance, three bindings. Three bindings. We must do an experiment. The experiment, you see here, the current resonance experiment. You see here, one radio frequency pulse,
and for two. The first pulse, you see here, the three transitions, and that's how we do it. We have here the Laue transition, the second one here, in this two-space system, an R-X-2-space system, with a doublet here,
a doublet here, the Energieni-Worsheimer is the third Energieni-Worskegeben, and we have a non-Ubergang at the same time. And, the first pulse here is a Laue-Ubergang. We have here the current of this Ubergang, a precision, the Ubergangs are functioning on the same side.
And this precision, with the characteristics of the two pulses, we have a second pulse, and that's the second one, the Miesch pulse. And this Miesch pulse has the Eigenschaft, the current, the transferring. Transferring means that the Ubergang is in this Energieni-Worsheimer,
and we have a second pulse, the second pulse, and the third pulse. This is the current I heard, the Ubergang B1. We transfer all the information from R1 to B1. So, this pulse. The Miesch pulse, this is the upper track for us. And this is not only an upper track,
for example, when a couple of these Ubergangs are functioning on the same side. So, we call this part the characteristic of the Ubergang pulse. And these two frequencies, the Laue frequency, the horizontal frequency,
the vertical frequency, the vertical frequency, allow us to have a correlation diagram. And we see that there are very high frequencies and very high frequency frequencies. So, a spectrum of randomness of the next pulse is called the Cauchy spectrum.
Correlations, spectroscopy, experiments, are called Cauchy. These are the diagonaries and the right peaks here. So, this is the right experiment. The scale of the experiment, is called the Wechsselwerkongdortenraum. This is an under-experiment.
And this is called, for example, the 2, this is called the 3-pulse. Now, we begin with the first pulse, coherence, oscillating with the distance of the pulse, the Laue, and then, we call it the 2-Miechpulse. And this is called the Wechsselwerkongdortenraum. Now, the information
of the dipole Wechsselwerkongdiprautzeit. And the first pulse, the 2, is called the relaxation process. This is called the millisecond-by-second approach. And what you can see here, the 2-Miechpulse pulse is called the up-to-date state. And it is called the Laue-by-root. This is called the root frequency.
And the next part, I see here, when you see the from the outside, you can see that two-dimensional spectrum construes the information, but not. We have a two-dimensional spectrum, which means there is a two-dimensional spectrum constructed. And at the end of the day, we must do a completely different experiment, and here is the start.
We must... this is an organic evolution period here, from experiment to experiment, and this is still an individual experiment, because here, where here... and then we have a single data block at the end of the day, and this is the end point here, this is
not the end point of the oscillation here, this is the end point of the oscillation here, and this is the end point of the period of the period of the oscillation, we have the
second information here, in this data block, the third information, at the end of the day, the third information, at the end of the evolution, and we must do a two-dimensional Fourier transformation with a two-dimensional spectrum, which means there is a two-dimensional
spectrum, and so we must do a two-dimensional experiment, and this is a special experiment here, at the end of the day, for the next spectrum, next is built, you see here, a second spectrum, that is the Andreiart, the Gelberart, the spectrum, I don't want
to talk about it, it is a great relaxation experiment, and I also want to say that two different narratives, which are great here in abundance, are not really possible. Also, certainly, we have two informations, two metrics, the Rode matrix, the Gel matrix,
and then we can find out more clearly, in the structure, the spectrum. So, the way to do this, for the geolocation, is to find out from one of my colleagues, Professor Wüthrich, in the room, how he works, and then show a demonstration.
So, there are two problems, next is built, we must first find out the resonance, we must find out the resonance, we must find out the resonance, to find out the resonance
of a Rode in a Rode. Here we have a resonance of a Rode with the Wasserstauf atom, we must find out the resonance, we can first find out the resonance, we can find out the resonance, and we need to find out the resonance, that is the self-amino-solarity of the
Rode. And here, two methods of computation, you can find out the algorithm, you can find out
the distance, the algorithm, or you can find out the molecular dynamics. Here, you can find out the modulary in three dimensional groups, you can find out the molecular distance, and you can find out the Rode, the Rode, and the Rode,
and then you can find out the constraints, the constants, the experiments, and then you can find out the constants, and then you can also find out the phase-collecting, and then you can find out the molecular information, and then you can find out the modulary, iterative, with computer procedures.
Now, later, this is so far for the antimanide, not so much as we have already discovered, or so to say, now quickly, because the antimanide is very interesting, as you can see, there you can find out the molecular dynamics, and in the second
time, in two days or so, you can find out the dynamics of the antimanide,
and then you can find out the structure of the antimanide, and then you can find out
the structure of the group of Ian Campbell in Oxford. You can see here, on the right side, you have a relatively large structure, and here, on the left side, you can see the structure of the atom. What's interesting is that here, the molecule is not a star, and here, on the left side, it is a vehicle.
We have here a huge structure, and here a huge structure, and that is what we call this kind of experiment. And it was a complex molecule, and next to it, next to it, the redoxine, basically, for the reduction of the sulfate in protein,
and this is a biological activity, and here, on the right side, you can see the structure of this molecule, it is a small molecule with a helix here,
that is why this molecule is very important, and you can find it in the group of Wright and Scripps Clinic in San Diego. You can see that there is no protein here, you can see that there are fragments here,
and there are more duplex. Then you can see the structure of the atom. Next to it, you can see the structure of the atom, and next to it, you can see the structure of the atom. And in addition to the structure of the atom, you can see here, a D, a DNR, a one-dimensional atom,
or a B, a DNR one-dimensional atom. You can see here the structure of the atom, and here, the structure. You can see the DNR is very important, and also, this fragment has a DNR structure.
You can see the interaction of molecules, Feschen Beispilzweise, here, does Andra Muezzin, does an anti-Jumo for Beinnungist. He says after next build, Wiederung, can us non-state and of the next build. And the Wechsselwerkonn from Andra Muezzin
with an MDEana fragment. He says here, this molecule, this rota molecule here, one can hear the Wechsselwerkonn study and can hear the Biola. I am not here to tell you more details. I have already told you that my reaction to the reaction can be made.
And here is a small, old, standard bi-spill. We have here the heptamethylbenzionium ion. 7, 6-ring, 7-methyl group. One methyl group is so small. And this is why the methyl group is not so small. And the spring of the methyl group is so small.
And the question is how do we make this? Spring is a form of methyl group, and there is the methyl group directly in the para position, and the molecule is also directly in the other molecule. Here is the reaction. Here the methyl group is the same,
and the methyl group is the same. And this is why the methyl group is so small. And we also have the spectrum. You can see the spectrum in the next slide. Four lines, which are four methyl groups.
Green, blue, red, white. All the intensities. Here the green one, one green one, and the other one, the intensities, while here there are two. One for example. One for example. But how does the tsunami not work? None. In a very simple way.
You see the temperature, the dynamic of temperature, depending on the spectrum of the spectrum. The spectrum of the spectrum is also the same. The temperature of the spectrum is 20°C to 50°C. And the line is a dramatic ending. The dynamic is also different. But what's more?
There is an artifact.
I wouldn't be able to tell. But the sound is a good chemical, and you can see the result. And the result is the same. And in this case, it's even the two buildings that are the same. But with the two spectroscopy models, you can see a lot of things.
You can see them, and I show you here the two spectrum models. The four resonance lines of the diagonale, three stars, a black resonance line, and then four diagonale peaks. And the four diagonale peaks show us how well the dual group
and how well the dual group work together. The result is one for one diagonale peak in two. And if the result is not shown, then we can see how well the dual group You can see one for my computer simulation, and you see that one computer is here, and I'm not sure if I can find it.
And for a different type of simulation, you can see that there are multiple peaks here. And it's only possible to see how this model works. You can see two simulations. Here, for the intramolecular
two buildings on the right. and the same, exactly. This is the result, of course, and it is not evident that you have a dimensional spectrum before you move on. Now, another question. Why does this have an influence on you? Can these two dimensional spectroscopes be used
when they are in phase? Here, a small question. And now, we are looking for polymer blends. Also, we are looking for polymers that can be used for technical purposes. We are looking for two different types of polymers, a rhodous polymer, polysterol, polyvinyl metal.
We are looking for this type of lubricancy, whether in toluol or in chloroform. We are looking for petrol, and then we are looking for the polymer blend. And the question is, is this a homogeneous or a heterogeneous blend?
With other words, how do we link and how do we react? The result is that in toluol, a homogeneous blend, in tomaramnivo, in tomolicolarmnivo, results in the chloroform, and in a heterogeneous blend.
This means that we can't do anything else. We can see here the dip-ball-waxle-werkung. When we first see that a black molecule with a red molecule must be in the right place. And here, the black molecule with the red molecule
is not there anymore. We are looking for an experiment where the dip-ball-waxle-werkung can be used. The next experiment, the result is here. We have here the one-dimensional spectrum.
Proton resonance spectrum of polystyrene, of polyvinyl methylate, of this resonance, hereafter chemists call it. And here, the two-dimensional spectrum. This is a spin-diffusion spectrum. The spin with the other
is the diffusion of the spin-diffusion. And we must remember that we need to spread blood with blood. Here, in this spectrum, blood and blood, spread not with the other. Here, blood and blood, here, in the right place. This is communication.
We need to spread blood. Here, we have a homogeneous blend. We need to spread blood. Here, we have a heterogeneous blend. So, this experiment is not so easy. Here, I won't show you all the complications. Here is the pulse sequence.
Here is a three-pulse experiment, first-to-two-to-three-pulse. Then, we need to spread two-sided pulses. We need to spread multiple pulses. And the dip-ball-waxle-werkung
is used to spread blood. And you can see that It is not that important. However, it is still important. So, this was an experiment. So, this is the
ground-mechanical experiment where the cell does not work. And I wanted to tell you what the spectroscopic side effects are. And here, you can see a large experiment
completely different. We are motivated and the large experiment is now two-pulse. So, it is important that a large spectrum that is here is not too long because you need to spread multiple pulses.
And you can see that the substance and the substance have a modification of the experiment. So, you can experiment with the spectrum completely different. So, the relay method, the toxic method, multiple spectroscopy, and you can see that the spectrum
is completely different. Here, you can see how the spectroscopy works when the public sees it. It can be that the spectrum is completely different and you can see it in one way. If it is not analyzed, then the method of complexity to reduce the recovery of the
quantum field, the spin-topper, the gear field, is not the same. Here, the golden middle-weight thing So, I'm going to show you the first example here, in the open, at the start. And in the beginning, we expect a complete circle.
A circle, of course. Here, a small circle. On the next circle, when we look at it, yes, that can be written again. Next circle. Yes, of course. Next, of course. You see that a two dimensional experiment
can be done in principle in four ways. We have, in the open, here, the preparation phase, or maybe the theory of preparation. Then, the evolution phase, the first oscillation, the mesh phase, and then the detection phase.
But can the system be easily prepared? You see, here, every time the system is under the preparation phase. Next, you see that in the beginning, we expect the evolution phase to be complete. The first experiment.
Next, you see that in the beginning, we expect the mesh phase to be complete. And you can also see that in the beginning, the combination of these two can be combined. And you can see that we are able to do the same thing in the beginning. Then, we will see, as with the complication,
the relay experiment. We have here, next is built, a protein or a peptide that I'm going to use for these amino acids. And I'm going to use the resonance of the protein.
A resonance, here, the alpha resonance, the beta, peaks, gamma, and the delta with the dual group alpha, beta, gamma, delta. And here, this is the sequence for the binding. The peaks are in a cross-spectrum, 6%.
Then, as a cross-spectrum, we have a protein that is 3 times the number of atoms, which is 14, as you saw in the beginning. Then, when we have one protein, a super drug can be created for a protein, and, of course, in the beginning, we can have two proteins,
a super drug that is 2 times the number of atoms. Here, from R to B to Z, R to B to Z, with the two protein, and we have here, the super drug transfer. And after the next build, you can see a super spectrum, where we have two here,
and a real IP, or as you see here, open, open, so we have one more protein, and a better protein here, super 2. And that gives us the basic information that you can, in fact, find the central resonance, where the alpha protein, which is not identified,
can come from these two proteins, or, in fact, from two proteins. Then, when we have two proteins, a super drug can be created for a protein, this is here, and when we have three proteins, a super N-protein can be created. And, of course, there is a more important part,
and that is the total correlation spectroscopy. And this is a very important part of the correlation spectroscopy. So, you can see here, a very important part of the correlation spectroscopy. And, of course, in order to find a protein, there is a principle in which a protein has a certain amino acid
in it. When you need to complete the pulse sequence, it is not a correlation spectroscopy of one amino acid in another. It can also be a subsystem of these two identities. So, in order to complete the pulse sequence, it has to be a collective
mode. It has to be a spin mode, with a spin characteristic. And, of course, since we have this periodic period, it can be a super drug that can be used. And, of course, it is not just a spectrum,
it is the next level. And, of course, it is also a super drug that can be used, not only in the sense of science, but also in the sense of science. There is a super drug made from a hard protein, which is in the delta with the group.
So, of course, this partner, in this amino acid, can handle this. This is why, after a while, it is best to find the correlation peaks. So, this experiment is a very classic experiment, but
there is no way to express it. Namely, the rotating frame experiment. The rotating frame experiment is a coordinate system. And, this, in fact, is a single step of the radio frequency of the current super drug, or the
cause super drug, and how the relaxation super drug works. And, of course, this experiment is not only related to the information but also to the information experiment. So, we can understand this. If we don't understand it, we will
have a situation like this. And, first of all, we are too complicated, and we need to think for one thing. And, here, the information that we have to expect for one thing is the most important part, the exclusive correlation between the two of them.
And this energy source is here, group B, is the magnetic field of the magnet. And, in all aspects of the group, it is called the house wall regal.
And the house wall regal, in the magnetic resonance, says that the new energy source is the magnetic field of the magnet. It means that the new energy source is not the main part of the energy source. The new energy source is the house wall.
The new energy source is the two-point-point-point polarization, and the three-point-point-point-point-point-point-point-point-point-point-point-point. We are not in the spectrum. But, as we have already seen, the new energy source is the house wall regal.
And that is the most important energy source.
We begin with the new energy source. Here, in the middle, we have a small current.
With the first pulse here, we have a small current. And with the second pulse, we have a small, even smaller, super-kind current. This is the third-small current. Then, we start to look at what is the power of the current, and we start to look at the house wall. And the house wall is here, in the first-point-point-point-point-point-point-point-point-point-point.
One-point-point current, positive for the charge, negative for the charge. Here we are right, here we are right. And we cannot buy, even now. And we then begin to observe, when these two sides,
two spins happen, an approach that cannot be properly caster. We cannot try to 130° up, The three quarantines also have three spins with each other. If they don't have three spins, they are not with each other. That is the reason why the more quarantines work. Here is the most important thing.
How many quarantines are there? One quarantine, two quarantines, three quarantines, four quarantines. And now we have four spin systems. A one spin system, two spin, three spin, four spin system. Here is the pulse sequence.
With the two spins, we can remember that the three spin system is now three. The two spin systems are here, and the one spin system is now one. If we remember a picture in the mirror, then we can remember that
the spectrum of the three, four, and more spin systems is now three. We have a whole pass filter in the spin cell in the very real world.
We have the small Gaussian wave and the large spherical wave. Here is the next build. Here is the second build. Here is a spectrum of a one spin system, two spin systems, four spin systems. And a three spin system here.
We have a quarantine filter, where the two spin systems are here. Here is the spectrum, where the one spin system is not here. And the experiment that is here is the third spin system. We have this molecule here, and we have the other one here.
This is the molecule that you can expect for one spin. Here is trivial and unusual, but for a complete third spin system, this is the third build. We have the next build. Here is a spectrum of B-P-T-E, which is a brachial tripe inhibitor.
A small proton. Here is the resonance in a Gaussian spectrum of 12, 18 and 20. And this is the principle of the two spin systems in the second build.
And we have a three quarantine filter, where the two spin systems are here. Here is the second one. And here is the fourth one. Next build is a more complex third spin system. Two quarantines, three quarantines, four quarantines. We have a spectrum of cell protein, B-P-T-E.
And we must not forget the resonance of two quarantines. But this one here is not in the third build. Here is an overlap with the other peaks, where the four quarantines are eliminated. And you can see that this peaks are now separated. This is the more complex third quarantine.
Therefore, you can see the third quarantine. Next build is here. We have our third quarantine spin topology third quarantine. We cannot forget the third quarantine spin system. Instead, we have the third quarantine.
We have four quarantines that are in a linear network. There is no question that the spin quarantines are here. The spin quarantines are here, so linear. Here is the third quarantine. And here is the third quarantine.
We must have a filter control that is a topology system. One can have a filter control that is tuned. And you can see here that there is a pulse sequence. I am not sure if this is clear. Here is the quarantines.
The quarantines are here. The quarantines are here. However, the third quarantines are here. The third quarantines are here. And the next one is a little bit more detailed.
Here, the filter control. Here, the spin system. Here is a linear sphere system. A spherical sphere system. A circular sphere system. And this is the first quarantine in the universe. The second quarantine can be filtered.
And the filter control that is here is here. And you see, this is filtered by all the linear sphere systems. This is a filter that you can, if you want linear sphere systems, understand and demonstrate.
Here, we have a mixture of four sphere systems. Five sphere systems. The quarantines are here. The quarantines are here. The quarantines are here. The quarantines are here. And we show you the spectrum of this mixture
of one of the next. Next is here. Here is this. You see here, the peaks of linear sphere systems, the spherical sphere systems, and the quarantines are here. And you see, this is normal.
The quarantines are here. The quarantines are here. The quarantines are here. And you see, the peaks are here. Next is here. The linear sphere system is here. The rest is eliminated. And you see here, the fact that they are here, this is a real spectrum,
and not a computer simulation. And next is here, the spherical sphere system. Next is here. Here, the spherical sphere system is here. But you can see here,
the quantum field of biomolecules is here. Here, the B-P-E. Here, the amino acid. Here, the alanine residues. Here, all of these are here. Here, the alanine residues. Here, the sphere system
is here. The quantum sphere system is here. Next, you see the normal B-P-E spectrum is here. And here, the alanine peaks are here. And when this is filtered, we can see the spectrum.
Here, the alanine peaks are here. Okay, so, in principle. So, this is what happens here in nature. And this is an ideal space that you can see here, that nature is lost, but has its own interactions
in the process. And the whole nature is that this pull sequence is relatively long. And by growing molecules, the Gefarbe state is where the long side of the co-arrangement begins. The relaxation process and then the signal is very small. Next,
you see what we see. Next, we see the dimension. We can see three dimensional spectroscopy. And the three dimensional spectroscopy can be written on Twitter, over the way information, order, reduce complexity
to a three dimensional spectrum for a very long time. So, we can see the demonstration of the next dimension of a three dimensional spectrum that is very important. And, we can see the distance
between the open and the open. And here, we can see the distance between the open and the We can see the distance between the two dimensional spectroscopy, which is the distance between the three dimensional dimension. And in this way, a spectrum for a long time.
You see here three peaks, and here three peaks, and here three peaks, and here three peaks, and in this way, we can see a spectrum for a long time. This is the three dimensional dispersion, or the three dimensional separation between two dimensional spectroscopy. It is important that we have a biomolecular structure
for which we can see two spectroscopy, a rotary spectrum, and a gale spectrum, and a noisy and a cozy spectrum. We cannot do an experiment, because we have a three dimensional state. So that we can see the state of the open and the cycle of the scene, and of the
rotary spectrum. So that we can see the information in one block, and we can see the structure of the system. So, the experiment of the three dimensional spectroscopy, for example, here, on the left, the state that we need
to do one process, we need two. We have here the gale process, here the rotary process, there are the currents here, where on the side T1, in the currents where on the side T2, and the currents where on the side T2, where on the side T3,
and we have three frequencies, omega-1, omega-2, omega-3, omega-3, three dimensional frequencies, and three dimensional spectroscopy. So, when three dimensional spectroscopy can be analyzed, we can see that the two dimensional
spectroscopy, as you can see here, is not the one that we need. One of the main reasons that three dimensional spectroscopy is not this combination of gale and rot in one block, is the expression. For example, for two dimensional spectroscopy,
so, we see that here, this is the same. For two dimensional spectroscopy, that is here, the N-horizontal with the Z-alpha-horizontal and the Z-alpha-horizontal and the Z-alpha-horizontal component here and like this, the
z-alpha-horizontal component of three dimensional spectromes shown here on the table.
So, it is the spectromes of these two dimensional spectromes. Next, it is fast. This is a sigma-nuclei with a mass of fifteen
of them and here in this dimension also the mass of the final resonance, so you can see this area, and so on, also very complex the spectrum analyzes. So, in the next two years, you will see that in two years, four of the people in the spectrum
can now see four of the people in the spectrum. This means that the projections may not be able to see here. But the principle is clear. The three of the people in the spectrum can now see that we are able to see one of the resonance functions here in the spectrum.
Or that three resonance functions. One can see this frequency in the right direction. We have then correlations between two patterns and two parameter spreadings. We have then these two parameters frequency two dimensions and here two correlations dimension four dimensions.
This is the principle of the spectrum. So, I want you to know that many of you were saying about the meditations and how you saw them. These are not just meditations or objects. The spectrum is not able to see I understand that.
Here, I can see that the first step is to find out that you can see that this frequency with the number of contacts you can see
that you can see the phenomena of the biology, the chemistry, the physics. You can see that you can see that you can see that you can see that you can see that you can see that you can see
that you can see my mid-term is 19.6 and this is the time for the work for which you can see the work is still in the most important group.
I can see that you can see that you can see the physicality of the two objects. The first object is the large part of the physicality of the
Here, I see the big phenomena that had the Lord Porter and Professor Polanyi The first object is a large part of the physicality of the two objects the physicality of the structure of the object and the information of the object
and yes this is what you can see and then when you see that you can see that you can see that you can see the the
the the the
and the
the the and than you can see thank you Thank you for your time.