A Brief Description of My Personal and Scientific Itinerary
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00:00
ElementarteilchenphysikVorlesung/Konferenz
00:34
Lithium-Ionen-AkkumulatorVorlesung/Konferenz
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TrägheitsnavigationVichy <Textilien>Vichy <Textilien>KalenderjahrVorlesung/KonferenzBesprechung/Interview
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Vichy <Textilien>KalenderjahrEisenbahnwagenNovemberPhototechnikVorlesung/Konferenz
02:27
LIN-BusPhototechnikKopfstützeTagStundeVorlesung/KonferenzBesprechung/Interview
03:08
Kastler, AlfredLIN-BusTinteSummerMagnetresonanzmikroskopieSatzspiegelPhototechnikSamstagDrehmasseAtomistikChirpFront <Meteorologie>Vorlesung/Konferenz
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GluonSummerFreier FallComte AC-4 GentlemanPauli, WolfgangLeistungssteuerungMonatVorlesung/Konferenz
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MinuteBauxitbergbauTrägheitsnavigationNiederfrequenzAtomistikFeldquantRotverschiebungIntensitätsverteilungLichtPhotonikBahnelementEnergieniveauMonatDezemberTagPhototechnikNachtFliegenRömischer KalenderGasdichteTunerVorlesung/KonferenzBesprechung/Interview
06:32
MassenresonanzIntensitätsverteilungPolarisierte StrahlungFeldquantBogenlampeRotverschiebungLuftkühlungStörgrößeMessungAtombauKalenderjahrDezemberKombinationskraftwerkNovemberLichtRotverschiebungLaserkühlungBogenlampeMessungOptisches InstrumentVakuumphysikIntensitätsverteilungTrenntechnikNachtKlangeffektMechanikerinVollholzPatch-AntenneSeeschiffPhototechnikBesprechung/Interview
08:13
Kastler, AlfredDezemberKalenderjahrGruppenlaufzeitSeeschiffSatz <Drucktechnik>FACTS-AnlageVorlesung/Konferenz
08:35
Hulk <Schiff>FeldquantKalenderjahrWeltraumDezemberSatzspiegelUmlaufzeitPhototechnikMechanikerinWindroseWalken <Textilveredelung>GleichstromChirpAngeregter ZustandVorlesung/Konferenz
10:12
FeldquantMechanikerinSatzspiegelFeldquantDurchführung <Elektrotechnik>KalenderjahrGruppenlaufzeitPhototechnikVorlesung/Konferenz
11:01
IonSteinmetzLIN-BusMessungRauschsignalTrägheitsnavigationWindparkLuftdruckFuß <Maßeinheit>EnergieniveauAtomistikProof <Graphische Technik>KalenderjahrUmlaufbahnTeilchenfalleLaserkühlungKlangeffektLinealDruckkraftChirpKüchenmaschineFACTS-AnlageGruppenlaufzeitPfadfinder <Flugzeug>SpannvorrichtungVorlesung/Konferenz
13:46
AtomistikDurchführung <Elektrotechnik>SatzspiegelFeldquantSchwächungPhototechnikKalenderjahrWocheFliegenVorlesung/Konferenz
14:23
Römischer KalenderSchneckengetriebeMinuteDezimeterwelleSpinLaserkühlungFeldquantMaßstab <Messtechnik>Durchführung <Elektrotechnik>ManipulatorOptisches PumpenFahrgeschwindigkeitLichtProof <Graphische Technik>FernordnungTemperaturRotverschiebungTeilchenfalleNanometerbereichProfilwalzenGleichstromMessungAngeregter ZustandUhrMinuteGewichtsstückFahrradständerWarmumformenAtomuhrPorzellanSchlauchkupplungWeltraumGasIntensitätsverteilungVorlesung/Konferenz
16:46
UmlaufzeitLuftkühlungLaserOptisches PumpenSpannungsabhängigkeitAbsorptionRotverschiebungKlangeffektFahrradständerKraft-Wärme-KopplungEmissionsvermögenOptisches InstrumentBiegenIntensitätsverteilungAvro ArrowBerg <Bergbau>AtmosphäreJahreszeitFuß <Maßeinheit>Vorlesung/Konferenz
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BremsvermögenTrägheitsnavigationBasis <Elektrotechnik>FahrgeschwindigkeitTrockenkühlungNahfeldkommunikationFlüssigkeitNeutronenaktivierungFeldquantWarmumformenSchaltschützSupraleiterGasFahrzeugBiegenElektrischer LeiterStundeEisenbahnwagenKalenderjahrChirpImpaktKosmischer StaubUntergrundbahnAbstandsmessungWeltraumAngeregter ZustandVorlesung/KonferenzBesprechung/Interview
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KernstrahlungAngeregter ZustandBasis <Elektrotechnik>FlüssigkeitSupraleiterRückstoßFahrgeschwindigkeitFeldquantGasLIN-BusBerg <Bergbau>TrägheitsnavigationEdelgasatomAperturantenneMunitionIrrlichtGate <Elektronik>WeißKlangeffektTrockenkühlungSpiel <Technik>Faraday-EffektSatzspiegelAtomistikErsatzteilLaserSteckverbinderNeutronenaktivierungSchutz <Elektrotechnik>KalenderjahrImpaktCocktailparty-EffektLaserkühlungSummerParallelschaltungTagBuntheitAusschuss <Technik>SchaltschützSEEDWindroseVorlesung/Konferenz
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LichtLIN-BusTürglockeMonatElementarteilchenphysikFamilie <Elementarteilchenphysik>PassfederStundeSchieneKofferWellenreiter <Aerodynamik>WocheWeltraumFernordnungWagenheberSteinmetzHutzeVorlesung/KonferenzBesprechung/Interview
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TrägheitsnavigationLeinenHörgerätFernordnungCocktailparty-EffektBesprechung/Interview
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LIN-BusVideotechnikNanotechnologieNiederspannungsnetzErdefunkstelleNutzfahrzeugMaterialVorlesung/KonferenzComputeranimation
Transkript: Englisch(automatisch erzeugt)
00:14
Thank you very much. You know, in this life lecture, I would like to introduce, to describe a few important steps
00:28
in my personal and scientific itinerary. And I would like also to mention a few people who have had a decisive influence in my choices
00:43
and in the results that I've been able to obtain. And also, I would like to make a few remarks on the evolution of the research field over a long time and on the long-term character of basic research.
01:01
So first, let me start with my childhood in Nigeria. I was born in Constantine in 1933 in a modest Jewish family, and my parents were very modest, and after these difficulties, they were obliged to move to Algiers.
01:23
And unfortunately, that was not the end of the difficulties, because it was the beginning of the war, World War II, and of the antisemitic persecutions of the Vichy government who was collaborating with the Nazi regime.
01:41
Fortunately, we were saved by the American landing in Algiers in November 1942. And I was able to start, then, high school education in Algiers in a very good high school.
02:03
And at the end, I spent eight years in this high school, and at the end, I was admitted, after a very difficult competition, to the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, a higher education institution.
02:22
So I left Algiers to Paris in November 1953. That photo of my parents, my father with my younger sister, Jocelyne, and my mother, you know, I am extremely grateful to my parents,
02:41
because they gave me an education which was putting the greatest emphasis on studying and learning. And their parents taught me why it's important to learn and to study, and I think this passion for learning and studying
03:03
has been extremely important for the rest of my life. When I arrived at Ecole Normale, I met also fantastic professors in mathematics, for example, Laurent Schubert and Henri Carton, who was the son of the famous Elie Carton,
03:21
and especially Alfred Cassler. Alfred Cassler was a physicist, and he was giving to the students fantastic lectures with a poetic shape, because he was himself a poet, he wrote a book of poems. He was extremely kind with the students.
03:41
Initially, I was planning to do mathematics, but I decided to change and to go to physics, and I joined Alfred Cassler, and his first student was also outstanding, Jean Brotel, at Ecola Massupair. At that time, I was also following,
04:00
in Saclay, at the Atomic Energy Center Institution in France, lectures given by Albert Messia, who was coming back from the United States, and Anatole Abragame, who was really the founder of magnetic resonance. I went also in 1955,
04:21
during two months, at Lesouche Summer School, a place in the French Alps, which was created by a lady called Cécile Moret, who married an American guy called Bryce DeWitt. And in this summer school,
04:40
we had about 20 or 50 students, about 25 from France and 25 from all over the world, following, during two months, lectures given by the greatest physicists of that time. And they found a photo taken at that time. The photos were not good at that time. We didn't have a smartphone to take them.
05:02
And in this photo, you see Wolfgang Pauli. He came here, at Lesouche, during two months, and George Uhlenbeck. You know, for the young students, as me, it was fantastic to talk and to have lunch together with Pauli, Wolfgang Pauli, the man of the extrusion principle.
05:23
There was also Julian Schwinger. He spent two months there. Norman Ramsey, Charlie Towns, were fantastic people. And this is how I discovered the fascinating quantum world of atoms and photons.
05:42
Then, I started, at the end of my study at Columbia, I started my PhD in 1959, and with Jean-Pierre Barra, we tried to develop a quantum theory of the optical pumping cycle, putting emphasis on the non-diagonal element of the density matrix.
06:05
And one prediction is that, a light which is non-continent shifts the atomic levels by an amount proportional to the light intensity and depending on the detuning between the light frequency
06:21
and the atomic frequency. And these things are called light shifts, shifts produced by light. And I was able to observe, to calculate and to observe, these light shifts in December 1962. And Alfred Kastler, with his sense of humor,
06:42
was calling this shift lamp shifts, because they were shifts produced by a lamp, by the light coming from the lamp, making a playword with the famous lamp shift, a shift produced by the interaction of the atom with the vacuum field. Initially, at that time, light shifts were considered as a perturbation.
07:04
And when you want to do very precise measurements, you have to make the measurements at different light intensities and extrapolate to zero intensity. So they were considered as an interesting effect, but they were perturbations. But 50 years after,
07:22
light shifts and optical pumping were found to play an important role in laser cooling. And one of the most efficient cooling mechanisms, CCFUSE cooling, which we developed with colleagues and with my students, Jean Dalibas, was a combination of light shift optical pumping,
07:40
which showed that physics is a long-term exercise. When you observe, understand something now, it can have an influence several years after. And a great event at that time, in November 1960, was the announcement of the Nobel Prize,
08:02
1966, given to Alfred Kasseler. And I found this photo, taken at the entrance of the lab, very moving, because you see Alfred Kasseler here, you see Jean Brosel here, and at that time, I was at the lab starting my own research group.
08:22
I am here. And my first Ph.D. student, my two first Ph.D. students were Nicole Ostrowski and Serge Laroche. And which is moving, you see that the same lab during 50 years got three Nobel Prizes, Alfred Kasseler,
08:40
myself in two, 1997, and Serge Laroche in 12. That's some sort of affiliation. Then, after my Ph.D., which was defended in December 1962, I had a position at CNRS,
09:02
National Center of Scientific Research, and I could continue doing full-time research. But Kasseler urged me to do also teaching, because teaching is extremely important, because I think the best way to learn a topic is to teach it.
09:22
And I followed his advice, and I was happy to follow his advice, because then after that, this is how I was invested in writing books, because I was appointed at the Paris University to teach quantum mechanics,
09:41
which was appearing in the university program. Before, there were no quantum mechanics taught at the university. A little crazy. So I was responsible for this teaching, and with two of my colleagues, Bernard Dieu and Franck Lalloy, we spent nine years teaching quantum mechanics,
10:03
having some experience with the interaction of the students, and we wrote a two-volume book. For example, volume two, Mechanique Contingue in French and Quantum Mechanics in English. And apparently, these books have been very well received all over the world, because they were the detail and interpretation of the quantum concept,
10:26
which are essential for physics now. And several decades after, a few years ago, we decided to write volume three. And this is volume three, Mechanique Contingue, number three.
10:41
Fermat, Boson, Photon, Correlation, Entrecation, Base Inequality, so recent development of quantum mechanics. And the book has been translated in English, and it will appear soon now. Another, you know, at that time, also, in my group, I had started a research group,
11:02
and with my students, we were trying to develop a new approach to atom-photon interaction, based on, by considering that the atom plus the field together are forming a whole, isolated system described by a time-dependent Hamiltonian
11:23
and having true energy levels. And we called this system the dressed atom. And this approach was extremely useful to predict and to interpret very simply a lot of physical effect. And it appeared also that was also very useful
11:41
in the field of laser cooling and trapping. Another important event in my life at that time was my election as professor at the College de France in Paris. And College de France is a unique institution
12:00
which was created by King Francois Premier in 1530 to counterbalance the influence of the Sorbonne, which was too scholastic. They were teaching only Latin. And Francois Premier appointed four or five professors teaching mathematics, Greek philosophy, Hebrew.
12:21
So it was an opening. And this institution survived all revolution in France. And now we are about 50 professors in all disciplines. The lectures are open, free. Anybody can come and follow the lecture.
12:41
They don't get any degree. We don't deliver diploma. They come for learning, not forgetting the degree, and that's extremely stimulating. And also the rule is that each professor must give different lectures every year.
13:00
So I stayed 31 years at the College de France, and I had to give 31 years of lecture different. Without exam, just a lecture. And that's extremely difficult, but also extremely stimulating, because that forces you to look at different things,
13:21
open your mind, and I am sure that without such an effort, I would not have been able to do the research that I've done after that. So these 30 years of lectures are available in the web, and they can be obtained freely.
13:43
And in fact, this teaching was a stimulation for writing new books. And we wrote two books with two students, Gilbert Crambert, unfortunately, died, and Jacques de Porac,
14:01
one on photons and atoms, the quantum theory of light, and one on atom-photon interaction. And more recently, since atomic physics has known incredible development during the last 20 years, we wrote with David Gerhardin
14:20
a book on advances in atomic physics, describing the most recent development in this field. So, you know, in the beginning of 1980, a new field appeared, the field using light for manipulating atoms, not the internal degrees of freedom,
14:41
like spin, which is optical pumping. In optical pumping, you manipulate the spin of the atom by having them oriented all in the same direction. In the new field, you can now manipulate external degrees of freedom, the position and the velocity. And that's what is called laser cooling and trapping.
15:04
So we discovered, with a lot of other colleagues all over the world, new mechanisms like CZF cooling, sub-orbital cooling, by velocity-dependent dark state. And now it's possible to reach, in this field,
15:20
temperatures on the order of 10 minus six Kelvin, micro-Kelvin, and 10 to the nine Kelvin, 10 to the nine Kelvin. At this temperature, atomic velocities are extremely small, a millimeter per second, where the atom temperatures are one kilometer per second,
15:41
and you can observe them for a long time and produce measurements extremely precise and make, for example, atomic clocks, keeping the second over the age of the universe. So it's extremely precise, and my colleague and friend, Christophe Salomon, many other people in the world,
16:02
are trying to use this clock for testing the rate shift of general relativity. Also, at this small velocity, de Broglie wavelength becomes very large, atomic wave packets overlap, interfere, and you get new forms of matter,
16:22
those I can compensate, and now you have a new field, which is called quantum gases, where you have quantum properties, the macroscopic scale. This has been the topic awarded by the Nobel Prize in 1997 with Steve Chu, William Phillips and myself.
16:43
That's just an example of showing you how, in a standing wave, the light intensity is modulated, so you have a light shift which is modulated in space, and optical pumping, absorption and stimulating emission
17:01
with passage of the atom from one sublevel to the other. Optical pumping is also spatially modulated, and these two effects are correlated in such a way that when the atom is at the top of the hill, so it climbs, and then by optical pumping, it's put at the bottom of a valley and climbs again,
17:20
and this is called Sisyphus effect, because it looks like the arrow of the Greek mythology, what condemned to climb a mountain, and then the god was putting him at the bottom of a valley. OK, now let me finish my talk by making a few remarks about the character of research.
17:44
I think that research is a long-term activity. I've been lucky enough to work in a given field and to see how it has changed during 60 years. And I have understood that, you know, some concepts which appear at a certain time remain true
18:03
and can be used for other experiments. Dark states, also, which are at the basis of what I call cooling. And, you know, what is interesting also is that we see clearly in this field that results, interesting results,
18:22
obtained in a research field can stimulate contacts with other disciplines. For example, quantum gas has properties like superfluidity, which are quite similar to properties observed in condensed-matter systems, like liquid helium or superconductors.
18:43
Also, in subracle cooling, one uses random work in velocity space with a small region of velocity near vehicle zero, where the atom, when it falls here, it cannot absorb light, it's a dark state.
19:00
And if you consider the random walk here, the distance between two jumps can have a very large value when the atom falls near a dark state. It's completely anomalous. And when we show this random walk to colleagues working on the field, it appears that these random walk in subracle cooling
19:23
are quite similar to another well-known effect known in statistical physics called Levy statistics. Random walk dominated by a single event or by a small number of events. And that stimulated us to write another book,
19:42
Levy statistics and laser cooling, how rare events can bring atoms to rest. And please, Francois Bardoux, Philippe Bouchot, Alain Speer, and myself. So this was the connection. Now, people doing Levy statistics are very interested in laser cooling. This is what is exciting in this area,
20:02
because you can start establishing new contacts, new ideas with other people. OK, let me finish also by saying that what happens after the Nobel Prize? Of course, the Nobel Prize is a wonderful event. But in mid-dept,
20:21
you are overwhelmed by a series of new obligations. Invitation to conferences, to write reports, to attend committee, to be part of committee, to evaluate activity of Stephen Lobb, to make proposals for other people to get the prize.
20:41
Nearly every day, you have two or three demands like that, and that becomes sometimes very tiring. But I think that my opinion is that the Nobel Prize has a great impact and is well-perceived by society, that puts the attention of society on science.
21:03
And I think that our responsibility is to use this prestige for explaining to the politicians, to the Greek public, and especially to the young people, the importance of science, why science and education are important,
21:22
especially now, where violence, intolerance, fanaticism are spreading all over the world. Science, education are the best protection against those terrible things. And I would like to say to you
21:41
that one of the distinctions that I have received during my life, and which is very precious for me, of course, in addition to the Nobel Prize, was to see, two years ago, my name given to the school of a small village,
22:01
Favers de la Tour, halfway between Lyon and Grenoble, where we have a small family house, and where the family of my wife, Jacqueline, was spending summer vacation. And my name was given to the school, and I was very moved, because I really think, like my parents,
22:20
that schools are a pillar of our society. Very important institutions, schools are very important cities. And this picture shows you this school of a small village with my name here. And you see the kids here. I am here, and my wife Jacqueline is here. And we spent two months discussing young people,
22:42
and that was, I think, very important for me. OK, so of course, there is also the family support, which is very important. And in this picture, all my family was in Stockholm in 1970. I am here, my wife Jacqueline is here.
23:00
We have two children, two children, two large, not babies, my son Michel, my daughter Joëlle, they are both research. They are doing biology. Michel at the Institute Pasteur, and Joëlle at the University Paris-des-Gros. My brother Gilles is also a physicist,
23:22
particle physicist working in Saclay. My sister Jacqueline, who is a high school professor in literature. My wife, of course, is a high school professor in physics. And my brother-in-law, husband of two things,
23:41
is a high school professor in physics. So you see, our family, we are deeply involved in research and in education. So that was important. Of course, we had also with us all my colleagues, all my students came also to Stockholm. It was like a fairy tale this way. And you see here we are very proud to see Jacqueline
24:06
descending with the King of Sweden in the banquet room in Stockholm. Of course, Jacqueline is also happy to be with me, even if I'm not a king. And I'm here sitting with me in the garden of economics.
24:22
I like this picture. And now we have also two granddaughters, Kenya, 21, and Nowra, 18, who are still growing and doing physics, trying to find a way in their life.
24:42
So I think, you know, I consider that I've been extremely lucky to have in my life fantastic persons, like my parents, like my professor, like my students, fantastic students, who helped me to discover a lot of new things.
25:04
And, you know, my family also, of course. And, you know, I think the best way to express its gratitude to all these people is to try to transmit to younger generations
25:20
the value that we have received from them in order to make a change, a change of education, learning, studying. Thank you very much for your attention.