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Licensing and Open Access in a Time of Crisis: Developing a Framework to Support Access to Research

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Licensing and Open Access in a Time of Crisis: Developing a Framework to Support Access to Research
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The global COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the academy and on scientific research. As universities, libraries, and researchers respond to this worldwide crisis, the inequities in access to critical scientific information have become even more obvious. Many publishers have responded to the pandemic by providing free access to information both to support research about COVID-19, as well as for general support of online teaching and learning as institutions move their curricula to an online environment. While this access is a welcome and important development, it also highlights the need for a global solution to the problem of providing more equitable access to information. Libraries have been leaders in the Open Access (OA) movement. Their activities in support of OA take a variety of forms, including managing institutional repositories, funding article processing charges (APCs), and advocating for OA initiatives within their home institutions. Libraries can also promote OA by addressing this issue in the licenses and contracts they negotiate with publishers. Licensing terms can include stipulations for retention of authors' rights, deposit in institutional and disciplinary repositories, reformatting content for accessibility, and other requirements that promote wider and more equitable access to research. While many institutions already address some of these issues in their contracts, a strategic and united approach to this issue could have a positive global impact on access to critical research. This paper will present a model for libraries to develop a standard set of licensing terms to promote OA and more equitable access to research. As a case study, it will examine the licensing efforts of the University of Maryland, a major public land grant research institution. The University of Maryland Libraries have partnered with the University Senate and the Office of the Provost to create the Publishing, Access, Contract Terms Working Group (UMD PACT). With membership including librarians, teaching and research faculty, students, and administrators, UMD PACT has an ongoing charge to investigate this issue and recommend a new framework for licensing of scholarly content promote more equitable access to scholarly publishing. Using both UMD PACT's efforts and the international response to the pandemic as starting points, this paper will address crucial topics such as accessibility, authors' rights, repository deposit, reformatting, and other licensing provisions. It will present a global survey of licensing frameworks and contract requirements from a variety of institutions, including libraries, universities, research centers, consortia, and publishers. It will also include a comprehensive suite of resources related to OA, accessibility, and the legal and statutory requirements to consider when licensing access to public research, as well as resources to promote the use of grey literature and other content produced outside the formal publishing process. The end result will be a model that will empower libraries to develop their own licensing frameworks to promote more equitable access to scientific and scholarly information and to support global research, teaching, and learning.
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Transkript: Englisch(automatisch erzeugt)
So I'm going to be talking about licensing and open access in a time of crisis, developing a framework to support access to research. So if we could go to the next slide please. Just a brief introduction. My name is Daniel Mack. I go by Dan. My pronouns are he, his, and him.
I am Associate Dean of Libraries for Collection Strategies and Services at the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland. This is a public land grant university right outside of Washington, DC. In my presentation, I am
going to use some examples from my institution, but this is not a case study. Next slide please. So, I'm not talking about the COVID-19 global pandemic specifically, but this is sort of the lens through which I want to view some of these issues regarding systemic inequalities surrounding access to information.
And we all know by now we're all intimately familiar with the coronavirus pandemic, which was identified in
December of 2019, and which was declared a pandemic in March of 2020 by the World Health Organization. As of this month, there are over 52 million cases worldwide and over 1.2 million fatalities, at least in the United States. I think in most places, this is only increasing.
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights systemic global inequalities surrounding access to scientific information and other scholarly and creative content. Next slide please. So, as a result of the pandemic in early spring at my institution, actually March 13th,
I remember the date because it was the day after my birthday, education and research went viral. Many schools, universities, research institutes, and other organizations moved most or all of their teaching and their research enterprises online.
Many institutions remain at least partially online as of today. In fact, at my university, we kind of opened things up and we're starting to unopen things as the pandemic gets worse. This is likely to continue as the pandemic cases spike towards the end of the year. Next slide please.
So, at many American universities, and I know this has happened at other places as well, a number of publishers responded to the pandemic. Teaching and scholarship became dependent almost entirely on online access to research.
Many publishers responded by providing temporary and free access to paywall resources, resources which normally required a subscription or a license. While this relief was welcome, this is a temporary and an inequitable solution. And again, this
pandemic is brought into focus and broader systemic problems with access to information hidden behind paywalls. So, the next slide please. And really, as I said, this is the problem that exists outside of the global pandemic, but the pandemic has really brought
to the forefront a number of these issues and a real need for global solutions to address inequalities in access to information.
Access is not equitable. The ability to access content, as we all know, is limited by an institution's wealth, its geographic location, and a variety of other factors. The digital divide continues to put technological and financial barriers in
place that prohibit access to information by much of the world's population. And as is the case with many issues dealing with both funding and technology, the global south is disproportionately affected by these inequalities.
And these highlight some underlying systemic racism, sexism, and other barriers to diversity, equity, and inclusion. Specifically in regards to access to funding and technology relating specifically to access to information, whether that is scientific information, creative content, things like that.
So, there is an underlying need for long-term global solutions to solve some of these inequities. Next slide, please.
Now, libraries have long served as access facilitators for access to information, besides their obvious purpose as repositories for information. Libraries have long been centers for access and organization of purchased, subscribed, and licensed content.
Libraries have also been in the forefront of the open access movement, and libraries and librarians have served as both leaders and advocates for the open access movement. Libraries have also been in the forefront of creating and managing institutional repositories and
facilitating access to other repositories, disciplinary repositories, repositories affiliated with professional societies, things like that. Many libraries, at least in the United States, including my own institution, may
provide article processing charges for authors to publish their content in open access journals. And libraries have been also in the forefront as advocates for authors' and researchers' rights to the content that they produce.
Next slide, please. So, open access and academia plan S, which we're all familiar with, is just one example of a type of open access plan in academia.
Plan S has support for many organizations around the world. There are, however, other open access models as well. Not all researchers support the plan S model. In the United States, for example, there are some researchers in the humanities, the social sciences, and some of the fine and performing arts who have
issues with some of the terms of plan S, and there's some links to some information there. Next slide, please. So, licensing of content is one of the primary investments that research libraries make.
Half of my institution's funding, and this is very typical at least for American public universities, half of our funding probably goes into licensing content. Journal articles, research databases, ebooks, streaming media, things like that. So, the terms of licensing are increasingly important.
Getting licensing controls accessibility by users other than the institution's affiliates.
Licensing terms can address researchers' and authors' rights. Licensing terms control your institution's ability to lend content to other institutions, as well as the right to deposit research in institutional and disciplinary repositories.
Terms such as provisioning of provisions to reformat content to accommodate persons with disabilities, sustainable pricing. These are all issues that we deal with when we deal with licensing of content. Next slide, please.
One minute, Mark. Oh, okay. So we have a variety of approaches to licensing and access. Everybody probably knows about the University of California and all severe negotiations regarding publication and open access journals. There are other models. I've got links there, the Harvard and MIT frameworks, and a variety of other transformative agreements. Next slide, please.
So we have a model at the University of Maryland that we're working on to address basic licensing principles. Next slide, please.
We have a group called the UMD PAC, Publishing Access and Contracting Terms, that's reviewing licensing terms
and working with university faculty, administrators, and libraries for developing a set of university PAC licensing principles. Thank you. Next slide, if I could. So we're looking at a variety of licensing terms to promote our institution's values regarding equity
and research, authors' rights, fair use of content, supports for persons with disabilities, issues like that. If I could just go to the next slide really quickly, please. Gray literature, as we know, is very important and has a place within this program. Next slide. I think this is my
last slide of content. So the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted systemic inequalities and access to scientific and other types of information.
There are a variety of ways in which this can be addressed in licensing terms for licensed and subscribed content. I have several slides of bibliography with additional resources that will all be included in my finished paper. One more slide, I think, is the last slide of content. So my conclusion about licensing, gray literature, open access,
and equitable access, thoughtful licensing terms are one component for a comprehensive program for equitable and sustainable access to research.
I know this has been very quick. As I said, I have several slides of resources that will be in the bibliography for my paper. Next slide has my contact information. I'm very happy to take questions now or to answer questions by email. Thank you.