The increasing impacts of climate change present significant challenges for agriculture, particularly for vineyards, which are highly sensitive to changes in temperature and water availability. This study focuses on using remote sensing techniques to monitor the health of vineyards in Peñafiel, Valladolid, Spain, within the Ribera del Duero region. Over the years 2020, 2021 and 2022, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery was employed, and vegetation indices such as NDVI, GNDVI, and NDWI were calculated to evaluate key parameters like photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content, and water stress in the vineyard. This approach provided critical insights into the conditions affecting grape production, enabling better-informed decision-making in terms of water management and soil conservation. The analysis revealed a consistent decline in NDVI and GNDVI values, especially in 2022, which was strongly correlated with water stress conditions as identified by the NDWI index. This trend suggests that the vineyards are increasingly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, highlighting the necessity for improved irrigation practices and other adaptive measures to enhance vineyard resilience. The ability to detect early signs of stress enables vineyard managers to adjust practices such as irrigation schedules, improving the overall sustainability of production. While this research primarily utilizes remote sensing and GIS tools to process satellite data and generate thematic maps, future work could integrate artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance analysis. Machine learning algorithms could be applied to historical data on vegetation, climate, and soil conditions, enabling predictive models that forecast vineyard health under various climate scenarios. Such models would support automated decision-making systems that optimize water use and resource management in real time, based on evolving environmental conditions. The potential for AI integration in this context could significantly increase the effectiveness of precision agriculture. By automating responses to indicators of stress or predicting future impacts of climate change, vineyard managers would have the ability to make more proactive adjustments. These measures would not only mitigate immediate risks but also improve the long-term sustainability of grape production in the face of ongoing climatic shifts. This research underscores the importance of using cutting-edge technology to maintain the sustainability and productivity of vineyards in regions like Ribera del Duero, where changing environmental conditions increasingly affect crop viability. By combining remote sensing with future AI-driven models, the sector could improve its ability to respond swiftly and efficiently to the challenges posed by climate change.