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Environmental monitoring management of waste from large excavations due to infrastructure buildings

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Environmental monitoring management of waste from large excavations due to infrastructure buildings
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Environmental monitoring management of waste from large excavations due to infrastructure buildings Large infrastructure building like the Florence Railway Station designed for high-speed rails requires a proper management of the huge quantity of waste originating from excavation activities. Such waste amounts require large areas for disposals, making abandoned areas or exhausted quarries and mines ideal sites for hosting the excavated wastes. A rectangular area of 500x70m delimiting the railway station has been excavated in two steps causing the removal of a 10m-thick soil layer per step: the amount of construction waste, as stated in the approved management project by public authorities involved in environmental management plans, would be used for the environmental restoration of an area of 400x350m located near a former exhausted lignite quarry) located in the proximity of the Santa Barbara village near Cavriglia (Arezzo). The Tuscan Regional Environmental Agency (ARPAT) have been involved in monitoring both the terrain transportation and disposals’ operations according to the approved management plan: while the Environmental Evaluation Office (VIA-VAS) was responsible of the waste sampling for further chemical analysis to assess the acceptable waste chemical composition, the Environmental Regional Information System Office (SIRA) was asked to evaluate volume balancing between all the waste management cycle, with included: (a) waste extraction from railway station site building, and (b) waste disposal final destination (exhausted Santa Barbara lignite quarry). A phase difference terrestrial LiDAR have been used in acquiring the 3D point cloud at the railway site at the following stages: (a) initial stage, before excavation activities’ starting (b) step 1 stage, after the first 10m-thick layer excavation (c) step 2 stage, after completion of excavation works. Various tests have been performed to assess the optimal number of scans allowing to obtain the required precision of the final 3D model, stating from more than 100 scans for the survey for the initial stage to about 50 scans used for (b) and (c) stage surveys. Each survey was referenced by using a local coordinate system materialized during the survey; each target was then referred to the mail local reference system used in the railway station project by the owner’s topographers with a total station. Scan alignment and 3D cleaning (point clouds and meshes) was made using proprietary licensed software, while volume differences evaluation was made in QGIS 3.x environment; as for the scan alignment phases (3D point clouds’ alignment), available open-source platforms have been tested and evaluated. Both scan alignment and 3D cleaning, while manually executed, have been proven to be time-consuming operations even using proprietary-licensed sofware. As for Santa Barbara quarry, an initial RTK RPAS was performed before grass and small vegetation removal to evaluate the potential of RPAS over the survey area in speeding survey activities with respect to the terrestrial LiDAR in open areas: the RPAS survey demonstrates that such technology, compared to terrestrial LiDAR surveys in open areas, is much less time consuming in both acquisition and processing time, making it the best choice for surveys in open areas where extreme precision (sub-centimetric) is not required. Due to work progresses in filling activities at Santa Barbara site, i.e. the partial cleaning of one of the defined file subareas followed by its filling with excavated wastes, the initial stage of waste filling was surveyed in five times, one for each of the defined subareas. Each subarea survey, due to its limited dimensions (120x50m), instrumentation and personnel availability at the time of vegetation cleaning, have been surveyed with the terrestrial LiDAR, while for the final survey over the whole quarry area the RTK RPAS have been used. LiDAR surveys have been processed according to the tested methods in railway station surveys processing; RPAS RTK survey data, too, have been processed with the same proprietary software. Terrestrial LiDAR surveys were referenced in a local coordinate system by using a local coordinate system materialized during the survey; each target was then referred to the mail local reference system used in the quarry filling project by the owner’s topographers. The RPAS models, in geographic coordinates, were then aligned to the terrestrial LiDAR surveys in order to evaluate the global waste volume disposed onsite. Comparison operations between excavated volume at the railway station site and the exhausted lignite site showed good agreement, even by taking into account a standard transformation coefficient between compact soil and excavated waste. Terrestrial LiDAR scan alignment and point clouds/mesh cleaning activities have been very time-consuming, so that usage of automatic processing pipelines testing by mean of open source software is in progress: environmental monitoring of waste management over large areas, if properly managed with (semi) automatic processing, would be less time-consuming stating to actual testing. National projects of large processing infrastructure (‘Mirror Copernicus’) would see a leading role taken by our office in building a fully-operational prototype of a pipeline for scan alignment and point cloud/mesh processing to evaluate waste extraction in large building sites.
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Transcript: English(auto-generated)
Good morning to all. And in this work, we show a project that we should add the environmental regional agency of Tuscany as for the environmental monitoring
of rocks excavated from a large infrastructure building. And I have some problem with the mouse.
It might work. Let's try with this. This one is better. OK. And at first, I will show some little data from the high speed Florence Railway Station project
and also rock management plan. After this, we will concentrate about the 3D survey technologies available that we tested. And we also give some detail about the processing
of all the other scans with both commercial and for solutions. And at the end, we performed a cost benefit analysis of the old solution tested.
The Florence Underground Railway Station is a project started in 2003. And three, excavation started in 2010. It's a very well known project issued by Norman Foster
and Patrick's study. Instructed volumes are expected to be quite huge since the quarter difference between the topsoil and floor plan would be around the 25 meters.
So for compliance with national environmental regulation, the planners have to do a rocks management plan.
If rocks can be classified as aggregated, they can be used in the environmental restoration project. Otherwise, they have been disposed in the charges.
And the management plan provides a three phases disposal of earth rocks inside an exhausted linear mine site
nearby at about 50 kilometers from site one. And the role of environmental regional agency is various since we are in charge of analysis
of earth rock samples. We are also in charge of a generic environmental control mainly on the underwater pollutions. And after this, last but not least, we have to deal with the earth rocks,
volume tracking between the two sites since we had to prove that no other earth rocks would be disposed at the final site without proper authorization.
And these two are the site on the left, site one. We have the underground railway station. And on the right, the Santa Barbara exhausted mine at phase zero before topsoil vegetation
removal. After vegetation removal, we would have the phase one, that is the refilling with railway station after rocks. And our monitoring plan at the moment
stopped at phase one since phase two is ongoing. We wish to test many instrumentation both terrestrial analysis scanners and RPAS.
RPAS mainly at the Santa Barbara site. Our goals were testing of available technologies in both underground and open air environments
and also testing of both commercial and false processing software. Following this testing phase, we have been able to do a cost band
if it analysis in both the survey operations and processing operation of survey data and also some evaluation about precision of the value system
and use. We see the two phases of work at site one at the railway station. In phase one, 10 meters slab of earth and rocks
have to be excavated. And after phase one in site one, this volume would have been disposed on the five subareas of site two.
The underground station poses us some challenges. It is a very huge site, but being some places underground, we had to use laser scanner systems.
And we use a mobile one and a traditional tripod mounted
one. Since we have a commercial software for the alignment of the scans that OLLI supports, ICP algorithm, we have to do some manual works.
And so we found that the mobile one outperforms the tripod mounted one in both time for survey
and processing time. Also, the mobile and the laser scanner allows us with its continuous acquisition mode and precision due to the spanning of the laser beam.
And as for the precision of the two laser scanner instruments, we found that eight differences are very low.
With this alignment tool provided by the commercial software, eight differences are under five centimeters. In site two, we have a huge area subdivided
in five working phases for phase one. So we can use without problems a traditional tripod mounted terrestrial laser scanner.
And being the exhausted mine in open air, we also tried to do some PAS survey. And so we found that acquisition time is very low.
Since in about half an hour, we can survey the whole area at phase one. In phase zero, we had to do five different surveys
taking about three or four hours. Let's see something about the precision. We found that the difference in an altered sub-area
is between 10 and 30 centimeters, between LPAS profile and terrestrial laser scanner. At one, as for the TLS processing at site one,
we estimate an alignment scan time of 10 minutes for each scan pair.
And so if we use the entire full precision survey with 240 scans, we have a very huge time
for scans alignment. With the slower precision, we limit ourselves to five hours for these scans.
And so we asked ourselves if we can find a solution for lowering this time, the 40-hour time,
with force software that would support automatic alignment of scans.
In particular, we tested the two solutions, these two, while for PCS, in its version, the super for PCS is not recommended
for scans with many dispatching point clouds. The improved ICP that we found in this library, in the point cloud tools for MATLABs, worked well, since it aligns perfectly to scans here,
to scans on the central sector of the railway station. And it showed a quick convergence.
Let's pass it to the estimation of extracted and the dispossessed volumes. The extracted volume can be estimated starting from the raw measures. And partially reported measures by project managers
are 168,000 meters cubed. And after transportation phase, considering the form factor of 1 and 30, we had an increase
of the dispossessed volume. And the exhausted mine, in the exhausted mine site also, we can estimate the approximate area and the average expected data between two meters and half
and one meter and half using these two values. We perform a preliminary evaluation. I had to point out that these ones are not official results.
And we found that the quota difference between topsoil at phase zero and topsoil at phase one is about eight meters instead of 10.
So that if we do a new estimation at meters of eight, we found this value. But considering that at the borders for a length of about 100 meters in the two part,
we had only four meters eight difference. So we had to reduce our estimation to a number that is comparable to the one reported at phase one. In Sartre Barbara site, we, in these two cross sections
over the two models, the first is the LaCie Scanner one and the second, the RPAS one. We found an average quota difference about two meters and half, which
is consistent with the value estimated here with the first number. And we also perform an evaluation on QGIS
by simply subtracting the two models. And we found a value that is quite higher than this one. But we can think that since we have some parts
with negative height, from this data, we should subtract. Thank you very much. We should subtract a value that can be about 30,000 meter
cubes. So we have a value of 200,000 that is greater than that is around this one.
But we have to check for the, we have to check if the evaluated form factor is consistent with this data. Concluding, we found in our project
that both RPAS and LaCie Scanner allows to obtain precise 3D models for Earth rocks,
environmental monitoring, ability site, and the choice of RPAS instead of LaCie Scanner can be enforced by site characteristics. Since obviously underground is using an RPAS
can be challenging. And forced solutions allows the usage
of cutting edge technologies if they are not available on commercial products. And as for the cost benefit analysis, RPAS are effectively, cost effective solution
in open air service and outperform the terrestrial LaCie Scanner. If automatic scanning alignment tools are not available
and also mobile LaCie Scanner outperforms the terrestrial ones in survey time, in underground at the cost of a more complex resource consuming processing, since they require
a specialized hardware and software. Thank, many thanks for your attention. And I cite in this slide the other participant
to this project, who are the colleagues of RPAT. And special thanks must also be issued to RFI for their support in topographic surveying
and micro gel tool for instrumentation borrowing and software tutoring and support too.