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Multiple solutions in free surface flows

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Multiple solutions in free surface flows
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CC Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International:
You are free to use, copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in unchanged form for any legal and non-commercial purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor.
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The presence of a free-surface between air and liquid can lead to nonlinear behaviour, even in the absence of fluid inertia. Consequently, multiple distinct flow states may occur under the same driving conditions. A natural question to ask is whether simplified models of the system can capture the correct nonlinear behaviour, compared to the full field equations. For the (canonical) flow of a liquid film on the inner, or outer, surface of a rotating cylinder, we find multiple solutions and other complex behaviours can be accurately described over a wider range of parameters using a simplified model system derived via gradient dynamics rather than strict asymptotic arguments.