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2/3 Motives from the Non-commutative Point of View

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2/3 Motives from the Non-commutative Point of View
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Motives were initially conceived as a way to unify various cohomology theories that appear in algebraic geometry, and these can be roughly divided into two groups: theories of etale type, and theories of cristalline/de Rham type. The obvious unifying feature of all the theories is that they carry some version of a Chern character map from the algebraic K-theory, and there is a bunch of “motivic” conjectures claiming that in various contexts, this map can be refined to some “regulator map” that is not far from an isomorphism. Almost all of these conjectures are still wide open. One observation whose importance was not obvious at first is that K-theory is actually defined in a much larger generality: it makes sense for an associative but not necessarily commutative ring. From the modern of of view, the same should be true for all the theories of de Rham type, with differential forms replaced by Hochschild homology classes, and all the motivic conjectures should also generalize. One prominent example of this is the cyclotomic trace map of B¨okstedt–Hsiang–Madsen that serves as a non-commutative analog of the regulator in the p-adic setting. While the non-commutative conjectures are just as open as the commutative ones, one can still hope that they might be more tractable: after all, if something holds in a bigger generality, its potential proof by necessity should use much less, so it ought to be simpler. In addition to this, non-commutative setting allows for completely new methods. One such is the observation that Hochschild Homology is a two-variable theory: one can define homology groups of an algebra with coefficients in a bimodule. These groups come equipped with certain natural trace-like isomorphisms, and this already allowed one to prove several general comparison results.
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Transcript: English(auto-generated)
Right, so let me start with a brief reminder of what's, I mean, I won't remind everything
of that one yesterday, but there is one thing shown here. And so the setup is as follows. Have some key. In most cases, it will be a perfect to fill the first characteristic, but in some cases, something that can be just
commutative Bayes ring. We have some a. So, last time it was commutative, but in fact, it doesn't even have to be that. Say associative unit of
quad key algebra. Of course, if we're over a field, it's automatically flat. And now I defined this invariant. Actually, I didn't introduce a name for this, so let me do it now. So, I consider algebraic k-theory of
power series in one form of variability of coefficients in a. I complete it, so this is actually the inverse limit of k-theories of truncating guys. And then I notice that it splits as k-theory of a plus something else, which is of interest
for me. So, let me call this something else, weak k-theory. It's not standard name, but I mean, I need some name, right? So, why not this? Double k of a. And then there was this observation. This is what Uly Katinov asked for the lecture. So, if k is p-local,
this guy carries those endomorphisms, epsilon n, which are almost idempotent. If k is p-local and n is divisible, and n is prime to p, then you can invert n and then you get an
honest idempotent. And then the whole thing splits into a product of copies of a smaller guy. So, this is a kind of big weak k-theory, and this is typical
weak k-theory. This is just the kernel of all of those endomorphisms. And this is what is of interest to me, this is what I want to study. So, I said that in situation when k is perfect field and a is commutative and smooth, this gives you the wrong weak forms.
In particular, it has a differential. So, where the differential comes from a circle action. This was the end of last talk. So, how does this go? Let me explain this now. So, I mean, there are various ways to do it. The one I prefer actually involves a little bit of category theory. I think this is in the end the most conceptually clear one, so this is what
I'm going to present. Partially, it already appeared in a talk by Tina on Monday in the form of a so-called cyclic object, but let me be slightly more precise about it. Well, it's a reminder because most people heard about it, but still. So, just a simple thing. Take some n and let me denote by n brackets and lambda.
It's a category, but it's a very small category. So, I take a wheel quiver with n vertices.
So, this is a wheel quiver and this is the path category of this quiver. So, there are n objects and morphisms are just, you know, paths. Of course, I mean, there is an orientation and the only invariant of a path is actually
its length. You just go around the quiver for as long as you want. So, basically, alternatively, you can think that objects are just residues. What n and then maps from a to
a prime are just integers such that a plus l. So, l is this length, it's at least zero. And l is a map from a to a prime such that a plus l is a prime modulo l.
Of course, for every guy, we have an endomorphism which is a path which goes around the loop, around the wheel exactly once. So, there is this tool a from a to a corresponds to l. So, it's a path which goes around the loop exactly once.
Now, I mean, it's a category but, of course, category means something huge and this one is very small. It's still the same parameter of objects, objects morphisms. Okay, now, if you have two guys like this and you have some, well, funcs from l to m,
you observe the following. You take some a object, you have this endomorphism to a, and then you... So, a functor sends a map to a map, right? So, this
will be some endomorphism of a. So, it has to be some power of... And that guy actually this toy generates the endomorphism monoid. So, this guy raised to some power
which is a non-negative integer which I denote by degree of f. And in these observations that this degree does not depend on a. So, it's the same for all guys. It does not depend on a. It's an invariant of a. It can be zero. For example, if we just
send everything to a single object and all the maps to the identity, then this will be zero. And I want it to be actually non-zero. And for now, I want it to be exactly one.
So, definition is a small category denoted by lambda. It's the category. So, objects are just, you know, numbered by non-negative integers.
We denote a tradition like this in brackets. So, there's some discrepancy in literature where they start numbering from zero or from one. And there are valid reasons for both, unfortunately. So, I'm going to start with one. So, this is just the number of vertices in the equivalent. And then the objects and the maps morphisms are just, you know, functors
from some n to some n prime of degree one. This is a very, very well-known gadget. It
was invented by L.M. Kahn, like almost 40 years ago. It has different definitions, but for me, this one was the most convenient. Now, if you look at the category, you can look at SNERV as the official set. You can take its classifying space. And then this classifying space, which I denote like this, is actually
so it's not, it's simply connected, but not contractible. It's Cp infinity or equivalent to the classifying space of this circle, where circle is the group considered as a group, the usual group structure. And this means the following. So, if you have,
so if you have some functor from lambda to some category E, which is locally constant in the sense that it inverts all maps. So every map in lambda goes to something invertible.
Target category. And then since the thing is simply connected, locally constant means constant. However, they can do something slightly more refined. You can now take as our target the category of spaces in whatever sense you want. So it can be, there are everything which
models homotopy types. It could be a logical spaces or official sets. It really doesn't matter. Then if you, you know, I'll denote by co of lambda, the homotopy category of functors like this. So you take functors and you invert pointwise weak equivalences. You need some
technology for that, but that's standard. And then if x is locally constant, in the sense that this means that any map goes to something which is not directly an isomorphism,
but weak equivalence is a weak equivalence for all f. So you have a full subcategory here spanned by these guys. And you notice by LC, that's locally constant. And this
locally constant thing is equivalent to the category of spaces with S1 action or say the logical spaces for to be precise. And then so take S1 space equipped the
continuous S1 action and you take the homotopy category. So it can mention this. And so this is a precise, one of the ways you can make the precise statement that cyclic objects correspond to things within the circle action. Now here is a fine point which I want to mention explicitly.
So this thing here can actually mean two different things. And in my experience, the topologist usually means one thing, and to people who are more algebraic, representationist means the other. So you consider spaces with S1 action, you consider the
homotopy category. But the question is, what kind of homotopy do you allow? Do you insist that homotopies are also equivariant? Or do you just invert all maps which are homotopy equivalence without regard to S1 equivariant? So the latter is actually a much smaller category than the form. Because if you also allow homotopies which are S1
equivariant, only those homotopies. Then for example, the space of fixed points with respect to some subgroup becomes a homotopy invariant notion. So this kind of refined homotopy category
contains a lot of information. Whereas the latter thing is actually very, very stupid. Well, I mean, it's a much smaller category. For example, the classifying space of a point would be something contractible in S1 action would be just homotopy equivalent to the point in the latter category, but not in the form. So this here, the small one, so small one.
So invert homotopies, not necessarily S1 equivariant. Great. And then, so this one
action, but if your target is not just a space, but something linear like a spectrum, for example, or you can also consider a homological version where your target is a complex of chain
complex or submarine. Then, so if X goes from 1 to, say, a spectrum, then you can actually split this S1 action into two parts. So S1 has homology in degree 0 and in degree 1.
So you can split this and then you get a natural map from B, from value of X, let's say object 1. It doesn't matter which object I take here because the thing is locally constant. So they're all the same. There is a map from this guy to its loop.
Homologically, this would be a shift in degree and this is known as on sigma, maybe right differential. And this is how the RAM differential in
the RAM with complex and also, say, the RAM differential in the usual the RAM complex in the context of the Cauchy-Birch appears. So this is the typical source
for differentials on this. OK, so what I want to do, I want to consider my with k-theory and endow it with the structure of a locally constant cyclic object. Now, how do I do this? Again, there are various ways to do it, but I'm going to use category theory
again. So one advantage of defining this category lambda in the way I did is the following. So if I take any small category. Dmitry, we have a question.
If you are taking the joint of the S1 action, isn't there some disjoint base point? It depends on what you mean by a space, but you probably want get pointed spaces, but then I want disjoint base point, which is S1 fixed. And another question.
The question was about the differential on the previous slides. So should I show it? Yeah, would be helpful. Yes. So it was an action on the spectrum and then the smash product then is
joined to the free loop space, isn't it? Yes. The point is that if it's a spectrum, so you have the summation map, you can split the free loop space into the product of x and
the base loop space. So free loop space splits into x times omega x. So have a map from x to lx, just this is the action. And then I take the component which lands in the omega
and that's my differential. Okay, thanks. All right, so now it takes a small category and then I can define its cyclic nerve.
This will be a cyclic set from lambda to sets. Just in a very naive, very direct way. So it sends some n, you know, just to the set of functions from lambda to lambda.
This is completely parallel to the usual definition of a nerve of a small category, except instead of kind of the category delta, which parameterizes ordinals. I consider this lambda, which parameterizes kind of, it's now a loop category of quiver, which is a wheel and not
just a string, but essentially the same construction. Obviously, functorial respect for maps in lambda, just from the wake after lambda. And so it's a cyclic set. I want to actually convert it to a category. So there is something which is called
growth and deconstruction. You don't really need to know, if you don't already, you don't really need to know the full extent of it. But what I want to do, I want to consider the following category again. So consider something which I'll denote lambda i,
it's some category which comes equipped with a functor to lambda, and its object that pairs of an object in lambda, and some functor. So this projection here is forgetful functor,
which just forgets the second day. There's a functor and the fiber, so if you have an object
here, then the fiber of this functor over some n is just this discrete thing, just the set.
I can do it for any functor to sets, right? If you do it for simplicial set, this is usually called the category of simplices. And it encodes the same data more or less. So you can recover again your functor from sets, from given a category like this, a projection, which satisfies some conditions. Now, but the reason I want to do it this way is the following.
Assume now that what you have is not a category, but what they call a two category. So
now take two categories. I don't really need to know the precise definition, you need to know it's something which has objects, but then for any two objects,
you have not a set of maps from C to C, but a set of morphisms, but a category of them. And then there are compositions, there are identity in the morphisms, and you can sometimes ask it to be strict, so the compositions
are strictly associative. Also, there are some kind of constraints there, and there is actually a way to package the whole thing rather in a more convenient way using this growth and deconstruction. I mean, it's many places in the literature. For example, I just recently had an opportunity to write up a survey of this, so it's posted on arXiv.
Here it's pretty standard. The precise details are not that important. I mean, somewhat technical, but you can make it work. But now what I want to do, I want to consider the cyclic norm for these two categories. And I want to do it right away in the second way,
using this growth and deconstruction. And this will now be again just a category. Let's move to the projection tool. So objects are pairs again. And gum is a function from
n to c, so this has to be made sense of. But again, this is another thing. So objects go to objects, morphisms in n go to morphisms in c, but then whether it's a composable pair, there is also some map, some isomorphism between the gamma of composition and composition
of gammas. So these are objects, and morphisms are the following. So you have some let me do another board, some morphisms. You have some n gamma, you have some n prime,
gamma prime, and the morphism is a pair f. f is just a map of prime and then pi.
So I have this gamma, which is a function from n to c. I have gamma prime, I can compose gamma
prime with f. And then this phi is a map from gamma to f composed to gamma prime composed with f. No, the other way around. Prime composed to f. I mean, it's similar to category of
simplex except there instead of this phi, there was just a condition because there the things was just a set, there were no maps. But now it's a two category. So now there are maps. So there is an extra structure, there is this extra phi. And this is such a map,
it's a logical thing, so shouldn't we have another board. And then morphism is called
Cartesian if this phi is actually inverted. It doesn't have to be, but if it is.
Okay, so again, we have projection from lambda c to lambda, which just forgets gamma. For example, the fiber over one would be the following. So it's a category of pairs.
c, which is an object in two categories, and then f, which is an endomorphism of the object c. And then, of course, since c from c to c is a category, now there are maps between those f's, and this is what makes this
a category. Okay, and now a general definition. Trace theory, c with values in some category.
e is a factor from lambda c to e that inverts all Cartesian maps.
Now, this terminology is mine, but the notion of, I mean, it surely was discovered sometimes
in the 70s by an Australian school. And then also Tina mentioned that there was a work by Kate Ponto about, well, several years ago, five years maybe, about various trace structures
in anthropology. So she had a name, I think her name was Shadow, if I remember correctly. It's a pretty close notion. So the notion by itself is not that it's not unique. And this kind of axiomatizes some structures which place in nature. So why
do I call it a trace theory? So let's see what this is actually in practice, what kind of data this guy consists of. Explicitly, so first of all, we have this functor,
we can restrict it to the fiber over one, so that's fun. Yeah, which means that for any
c and f, we have some object here. Okay, but now it turns out that the next piece of data which this gadget provides. So now we can consider a fiber over two. This is a
wheel quiver with two vertices. So consider, and the fiber is what? So there is an object
here, an object here, and then a map f, f prime. And so I have to associate something to this also. But then since my e in the first Cartesian maps, this can be actually identified
with e evaluated at c with coefficients in the composition. But on the other hand, I can equally well identify it with e at c prime and the composition taken in the other direction.
And so what I end up with is actually this isomerism between the two things, which is an extra piece of data. And this is some kind of trace sort of, in quotes, isomerism. Trace,
just because it satisfies the basic true property of traces, which is that trace of a b is the same as trace of b a, right? And so this is the reason for terminology. And one can show that this actually, I mean, this has to satisfy some
compatibility condition, and then this is the one to respond. So essentially, I have some kind of function from lambda c one, plus these actor trace isomorphisms, which satisfy some kind of higher compatibility condition. But the reason I bothered with the more invariant categorical
definition is, of course, that I want to do also homotopy version. And for that, it's not good to say that it's up to some higher things, because you have to specify all those air points. So it's actually better to use this category lambda c, and then the definition is that
x, so a homotopy trace theory, is a, so it's a functor from lambda c to spaces now, but
I only want to consider it after weak equivalence, after pointwise weak equivalence. So it sits and says this homotopy category of functors,
and it should be locally constant along all the Cartesian maps. So all Cartesian maps in lambda c go to weak equivalence, constant along Cartesian maps. That's the definition.
Let me denote by, denote lambda c, the full subcategory spent by homotopy trace series.
Now, if you want, you can think about this as some kind of infinity category or whatever, but actually, for me, it's not needed. It's enough to consider the kind of very naive homotopy category where just invert
pointwise weak equivalence and leave it at that without any higher strategies. So I would not need it. Okay. And now, so an observation is that, so it's not now easy to describe this
thing by explicit. There's no reason because there is an infinite number of them, but at least so if I have such a thing, then for any c and f, I get some kind of
space. But what's more, now I can restrict my attention to the situation when this f is not just some random f, but actually the identity. And then this, sorry, technical problems. Okay.
So if this f is the identity thing, then what I have is actually,
so there is this projection and I have a whole section of this projection, which sends one to c and the identity. That actually extends to all the other, to two, three, and so on.
And let me actually denote this by sigma c n goes to, so it's just n.
And then the functor sends everything to, so this is a quiver. I need to specify objects and I need to specify arrows. So all the objects would be c,
and all the arrows would be just the identity. Right. So there's the section. And then what I can do, I can consider now, I can pull back my trace theory x with respect
to this section. And this will be a locally constant functor from lambda to spaces. So this will be this locally constant cyclic space. And this means that if I have a trace theory,
then its value at c identity for any c is actually comes with the circle action. So here is a locally constant cyclic object. In particular, if now I consider not just functors to spaces,
but functors to spectra, then I get this differential automatically. So trace theory produces me a lot of things with this circle action. And so now let me give,
so this was an abstract general theory, but let me give you an example which is of interest to me. I mean, this is kind of the intended application
of the formalism. So for example, I take a two category of algebras and bimodals. So let me denote it by more, where this stands for moreta. So objects, associative,
unitals, a-flat, a-algebras. And then morphisms from a to b are a-b-bimodals or formally
a-opposite times a-modules, m-flat and y-on one side, a-flat. You can compose this, so this is a well defined two category. So you can consider trace theory.
Then example number two is a much smaller thing. So one of the basic examples of a two category is a two category with just a single object. So when you have a single object, you only have the category of its endomorphisms, but it comes equipped with a
monoidal structure because you can compose them. So a two category with a single object is the same thing as a monoidal. And so I can consider kind of the part of this moreta category where the only algebra considers k itself. Let me denote this by b k-mod.
b here stands for classifying space if you want. So there is a single object. Point? You need to revisit the question. Can you say why flatness is necessary?
You can get, no, it's actually not necessary. I mean, for the definition, it's not necessary. But there is a theorem which is coming up where this would be important.
Formally, you can consider the category. I mean, this will be a larger two category, and you can do that. But there is a theorem coming up. All right, so morphisms, k-mod. Now, of course, I mean, one two category is a part of
another one, as I said. We just restrict to one single algebra which is k itself.
So there is an obvious kind of reduction function. You take a trace theory on the large guy, and you restrict it to just the small guy.
By the way, when you have this classifying two category or monoidal category, then the trace theory on that guy, I called, I mean, I have a paper on this where I call it a trace function. And then, so it's a trace function. One of the categories is exactly this. It's a
function plus an isomorphism between f of a times b and f of b times a. So this is an extra structure. Maybe it's a little bit excessive, but it's in the literature, so I better match this. So you can restrict the trace theory to this trace function.
And then there is a very useful general statement which says that this is actually almost an equivalence. So you can recover trace theory from the corresponding trace function. There is a left adjoint,
adjoint, not just a left adjoint, but a fully faithful left adjoint, fully faithful. I call it expansion function, well some exp to trace theory on the big guy.
And you can characterize its essential image. I don't want to give you the definition,
but some version of homotopy invariance, which basically holds in practice. So all trace theories you would want to consider in real life would be in the image. So the image
of the essential image exp can be characterized, can be described.
So this is a bit of a miracle. And as you see, I was mostly interested in originally in commutative algebras, but now expanded my generality, not commutative algebras, now I allowed bimodals. And there is a reason for that. The reason is that you get, have this kind of great theorem, which roughly speaking tells you that if you generalize
sufficiently far, you allow algebras and bimodals, then you can get rid of algebras. So if you know the trace theory for just k, but with coefficients in an arbitrary vector space, then you recover your trace theory for all algebras and all bimodals.
In the end, what you're interested in is, of course, some algebra plus the identity and don't plus the diagonal bimodal. But it pays to generalize the story, because then it reduces to just k. Okay, so this is the general theory.
And of course, even if you construct a trace theory for some other methods, it's very useful to compare between two different ones. So if you have some map, and you want to show that it's an isomorphism, it's enough to do it on the trace function just for k. Because once it's a fully faithful embedding, so once an isomorphism is there,
it's an isomorphism everywhere. I don't have to really prove it. The machine gives it to you. Okay, and now the punchline. The punchline is, of course, is that my with-k theory can be promoted to homotopy trace theory. In fact, it's almost obvious. So let me show how this is done.
So with-k theory. So it used to be defined just for a single algebra. Now I need an algebra A,
and then A bimodal. The modal over A opposite. What I do, and it's flat on one side,
so what I do, I consider the tensor algebra of M over A, just the usual tensor algebra.
I can truncate it at any M. So now it's like that. So I take the two-sided ideal generated by
M to the power n plus one and higher, and I take the quotient by that. I define completed k-theory tensor algebra, as before, simply just as a, well, homotopy with respect to M
this truncating guys. And then I observe, as before, that there is an augmentation map
to A, which is split. And so I define the definition, right? So it's a statement that
is completed. K-theory tensor algebra splits into k-theory of A plus something else, which I want to go with k-theory of A with k-efficiency in M.
And then it also carries those endomorphisms, defined exactly as before, because, you know, this is k-theory. So now I'm thinking about modulus knot. So the formal power series is, of course, the tensor algebra of the diagonal bimodal. But for any bimodal, I can consider modulus of this algebra and then by the same twisting which I had last time
and which I had an opportunity to recall in the beginning of this lecture, fortunately, because of the question by Willy, it works again in exactly the same way and defines those endomorphisms. Again, square to en square to n en. And if now my k is p-local, then the whole
thing you can show that this is p-local. You can take the kernel so you get p-typical.
And lemma is that all these guys are naturally homotopy trace theories. So let me do the big
one, but the small one, homotopy, trace, theory, these two categories of algebras.
And I call it a lemma and not a proposition. I mean, it's kind of important for the business, but it's also very, very simple. It's almost obvious. So how do we do this? So we know what we want when we have an algebra and a bimodal. So we know the values
of our trace theory on this fiber lambda c1. So how to define it on lambda cn, right? So here we have, so what's an object here? It's again a c1. So you have some algebras here,
0, a1 and so on. And you have some bimodals, 0, 0, 1 if you want, 1, 2 and so on.
What you do, you take just, but now I have some flexibility, right? I mean, I didn't say that my a is k or anything. It can't be anything. So I just take a, which is just the direct sum of those ai's. It's an algebra. And m, which is a direct sum
of those i plus 1. It's a bimodal, respect to this bimodal structure, which is obvious here. So if you write it in block form, it will have zeros everywhere, except for this permutation cycle. So in particular, we will have nothing on the diagonals,
but we'll have something when you're off negative by one. And then, so what you can do, you can consider with k-theory of a and m. And then it's very easy to prove that this
actually canonical isomorphic to with k-theory of, say, a0 with coefficients in the product.
So you have a cycle, you can take the product, m01 times a1, m12 times so on, until there.
And the reason is basically Quillen's devisor. So k-theory is invariant of a category. In this category here is the category of modules over this algebra. But this is the same as basically representations of a quiver. So what's a module here? For every vertex, you have some p,
which is a module over a. So pi, which is a module over ai, and then m is acting. And then you can consider the subcategory of modules such that its value at 0 is 0.
And this category would have a final filtration because as such great quotients are just modules over ai, which means that its k-theory would be just the k-theory, the sum of k-theories of ai where i is different from 0. All the m's would disappear
because, you know, when you have a matrix algebra, when you have an algebra which is written in the matrix format, everything is upper triangular. It's only the terms on the diagonal that matter. It's a basic property of k-theory, which says that it has this kind of additivity property. When you have an extension of two categories, then k-theory only depends on
the categories and not on the extension data. So you can forget the extension data. And then, of course, so there is the subcategory where the term at 0 is just 0, and the quotient by that is exactly modules of free algebra over, I mean, a0 and then this
module which is a composition. So the point is that modules of tensor algebra is a category which is very simple. It has homological dimension one. And so in this case, you can analyze it completely, you can split it into two parts, and you see that the difference between k-groups are just k-groups of the terms which we remove. And when I go to weak k-theory,
which I remind you is something where, again, I already took the constant term out, then the result is that the two things are completely obvious. So I could write this down probably, but it will take too much space for this technology. So let me just say that
this follows by Davis-Satch. And this only works because the tensor algebras are so simple. So it's homological dimension one. And for me, this is the main reason of which kind of,
to say that the whole theory wants to be non-commutative. Because if you stay in the commutative world, then you can also consider free commutative algebras, but those would be more difficult. I mean, algebra of polynomials and variables has homological dimension n. But if you look at non-commuting polynomials in any variables, could be infinite number of
still homological dimension. So tricks like this work. So the upshot is that my weak k-theory more or less directly without any effort. Before erasing the whiteboards, there is a question, was the lambda C n plus square
bracket n plus one instead of square bracket n? Yes, because I started from zero, right? Yes, sorry, it wasn't plus one. It's all this numbering thing. Yeah, sorry about that.
Okay, so the upshot, w. And also the same is true for the k-theory.
So instead it reduces in order to stack it for all. And you only need to consider
w of k, m for arbitrary m, w of k, right? And now there is a miracle coming up, specific for
the case where up to now k could be anything. But now let me specify, well, I mean, it should be p local if you want to take a good position. But now let me reduce the case where k is a
and there is a theorem. And this I should attribute, this is definitely due to Lars. And this is actually fantastic. So with k-theory, I mean, his terminology is different, but it's
a safe statement. Okay, m is zero unless i is one. So you only get anything in a single degree. And everything else is just zero. I mean, the way he proves it, it's really high-tech. So he
basically uses this Dandas-McCarthy theorem, which is a version of Goodwillie theorem, which shows how k-theory changes when you're doing infinitesimal deformations in terms of Tc. And then he does the computation with another algebra.
And I mean, it's a highly-entrivial computation. And then everything just cancels out. If we were to know a direct proof of this, the whole theory would simplify enormously, but I don't know directly. I mean, it looks deceptively simple. Essentially, your completed k-theory of tensor algebra, tensor algebra has a homological dimension
one, so you expect there to be something very simple. But I don't know any argument which would go like that without the honest computation. And then the degree zero is of course highly-entrivial. And so to finish today, let me just roughly speak and tell you what you get, what's the shape of things you get on degree zero.
I mean, not zero, but one. I mean, there's a shift by one. It's k1. So essentially, what I get is a function from vector spaces to a billion groups. So in fact,
we have tabular groups. So we get, let me denote it just simply by w. Some kind of, you know, polynomial functor version of 2-bit vectors, so it's a functor from k-vect to tabular groups. It actually comes equipped with the filtration, so it's actually complete. It's an inverse limit of a certain natural tower. And the terms of the tower
are, you cannot really describe them directly. I think the definition is the easiest way to describe them. Of course, this is just k1, so it's not that difficult. It's basically just stabilization of
of the groups of matrices. I think actually there is a recent reference by allows and maybe Krauss, I'm not sure. Well, this is worked out
in writing, so it's an archive pre-print from this year. I also have a paper on this which is not finished, but the point is that it's an iterated extension, so there's wn of m, wn plus one of m, and the kernel is the cyclic power, so it's m to the power n,
co-invited with respect to sigma, where the sigma is just the order n
cycle permutation. So it's a quotient by Z mod energy. It's a functor from vector spaces which is built out by some kind of twisted cyclic power. Of course, if it were split, this would just be zero Hausch's homology of the tensor algebra. And this thing is a twisted
version of that, so it has a filtration such that it shows associated quotient. And if you want the p-typical guys, then they correspond to powers of p instead of all n's. So there is
something which is very, very concrete in the downturn. So when I said in my first lecture that
I'm not going to prove comparison between with k-theory and cochlear width, but I will show you that with k-theory is computable. This is basically what I meant. So by general machine of trace theory, it reduces to the computation for just k, and in that case, it's a very,
very concrete functor. There is nothing even hypothetical about it anymore. It's a functor from vector spaces that you can analyze by hand, construct the reference, and so on and so forth. Okay, I think that's enough for today. And on my last lecture on Monday, I think I will discuss
a little bit the cyclotomic structure which this thing has, which we saw in Tina's lectures on Tuesday, but which in my lectures hasn't yet come up, so it will come up on Monday. Okay, thank you very much. Okay, thank you very much indeed, and let's thank the speaker. For an interesting talk. Any questions at all or comments? We received a question from
Remy. At the end of the proof of the lemma, how fast was the trace ultimately defined? Okay, so I need to define, the point is that it's inconvenient to define the trace.
I directly defined trace theory, which is a value of, so it's a functor on this lambda c. And the trace comes out when you do this comparison. So basically, if you want the trace, you take a and b, you take a plus b, and then m plus n, which is the off-diagonal pi module.
You compute with k-theory of that, and you see that it has comparison with two guys, with k-theory of a of coefficients in the product. So let me maybe write this. Let me do the computation. I mean, not do the computation, but write the statement.
You have a, b, m, and m. You do this, and there is a direct comparison map, which is just,
you know, it's a functor between categories. From this to this of a of coefficients in m times b, m. Just because the category of modules of this tensor algebra, which is in the first
line, contains as a full subcategory the category of models of the tensor algebra of m times n over a. And then this map is an isomorphism. And then you do the same at b,
and the trace is a composition of this guy and the inverse of the other. So that's roughly how it goes. Okay, thank you. Another question. In the definition of the category lambda capital, what happens to the story if you allow maps of any degree and not just of degree
one? What happens will appear on one? It's a very good question, but it's exactly what I'm going to discuss in my third lecture. Okay. It's a very good question.
Which deserves a one hour answer. At least. Any other questions or comments? If not, let's thank Dmitry again. And next lecture will be by
Tina Descartes at half past three, Paris time. Thank you.