3D-printed reactionware
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| Number of Parts | 163 | |
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| License | CC Attribution - NoDerivatives 4.0 International: You are free to use, copy, distribute and transmit the work or content in unchanged form for any legal purpose as long as the work is attributed to the author in the manner specified by the author or licensor. | |
| Identifiers | 10.5446/50412 (DOI) | |
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Transcript: English(auto-generated)
00:10
Hi, my name is Lee Cronin, I'm the Gardner Professor of Chemistry at the University of Glasgow in the UK, and today we're going to talk to you about 3D printed reaction wear, literally how we can use 3D printers to make reactors in which we can do new
00:23
chemistry. Now, chemists classically do reactions in glass, glass is a chemist's best friend because you can take quick fit and you can make really nice elaborate architectures in which you can do refluxes, additions, and you can do very complicated synthetic manipulations. So I wanted to ask a question, could we go from traditional glassware, or say test tubes,
00:45
and somehow use 3D printed reaction wear, as we call it, to do chemistry? And I'll give you an example of a device that we've made by 3D printing, and what we're going to do today is explain to you how we think about the reaction we want
01:00
to do in terms of the sequence of addition of reagents, the amount of the reagents, the time for the reaction, and then we design that reactor in 3D and then print it. And what we've got here is a cutaway of the reactor, where you can see two chambers carrying the reagents and a mixing reactor. And so what we've been trying to do is ask ourselves if we can do something new
01:24
by printing the reactor and doing the reaction in the reactor, because it allows us to configure the chambers. So that means we could change the volumes, that we could change the way in which these things mix, and also the number of unit operations that you put together. So it's almost like taking a chemical engineering approach to molecular discovery.
01:44
And I think that's a really important idea. Can we take the reaction and the reactor and combine them together in a new way? So we're not just thinking about the reaction separately to the reactor, but we're thinking about it together in a device, and these devices we're calling reaction wear.
02:04
I'm Phil Kitson. I'm a postdoctoral researcher here at the University of Glasgow working for the Cronin Group. I'm going to talk a little bit about the design of 3D printed reaction wear. We start from a 3D digital computer-aided design software package, where we design the architectures for our reactors.
02:21
In this software, it's easy to reconfigure the geometry of the reactors we're producing, as well as the design and features which can be printed in catalysts and other chemical reagents to produce the correct chemical environments in each of the areas of the reactor. For example, here we've got a three-chamber reactor where we can design in catalytic features to the insides of the device
02:44
so that each chamber has the chemical environment necessary to conduct the reactions we're wanting to perform. Once we've produced a 3D design in this software package, we can transfer that design to the software which controls our 3D printers,
03:02
where the design is translated into a set of instructions for the 3D printing machines. These instructions tell the printers where to place the different components, how to build the architecture, and where to insert the catalytically active and chemically active reagents within the architecture, moving from an initial design to a fully functional 3D chemical reactor.
03:26
One of the key advantages of this process is the ability to reconfigure the design of the reactor architecture based on experimental data. So we can change the geometry of the reactor chambers or the chemical composition, adding in new catalysts or new reagents based on the results of the previous experiments.
03:46
And so we can iterate the design of a reactor to optimise the reactor's capabilities. Also, we can control the reaction not only with the chemical environment of the chambers but also the geometry that these environments occur in, giving us an extra degree of control over the chemical synthesis.
04:06
Hi, I'm Mark Sainz, and I'm a postdoc here in the Cronin Group. And I'm going to show you some of the printers that we have available. So to start with, printing at the moment, we have the Fab at Home Personal Fabricator,
04:21
which extrudes gel-like materials layer by layer to build up 3D architectures. At the moment, it's printing using this commercial bathroom sealant, which you might use to go around the sink in your bathroom to make it watertight. And the printer prints with a range of nozzles of different sizes
04:44
so that we can get different resolutions on the things that we print. However, the overall resolution that we get tends to be rather poor, although the devices that we make are very flexible,
05:01
and if stabbed with a needle, they will self-heal. The other printer that we have is this 3D Touch, and that prints solid inks, such as this polypropylene wire, which will be fed into the machine, and the machine melts them, and then again extrudes layer by layer in an additive fashion
05:22
the molten polymer onto the layer below, and then this solidifies very quickly at room temperature to give us more robust devices that we can print at much higher resolution. However, this printer is limited to using inks that it can melt and then extrude,
05:43
whereas the Fab at Home will print anything that we can get into the syringe and then squeeze out, and indeed, we can even put mixtures of things into the syringe and squeeze them out, which we'll talk about a little later. Hello, I'm Ross Forgan. I'm a research associate in the Cronin Lab,
06:04
and I'm going to tell you a bit about some of the reactor designs that we prepare through 3D printing. So first up, an example of a reactor where we can use geometric control to influence the outcome of a reaction. So this is a cutaway of a reactor, and you can see here that we have a reagent chamber where the reaction takes place,
06:23
and by changing the size of this chamber, we can change how much of the reactants reach into the chamber, altering the stoichiometry of the reaction and selecting for certain products. We can also exercise chemical control. So here I have a reactor that's partly prepared, and to make this, we use the two printers that we have in the lab.
06:44
Firstly, we print a scaffold using polypropylene, and secondly, within the scaffold, we include silicon polymer into which we've embedded a catalyst of choice to carry out a chemical transformation. So here we have a clay catalyst that acts as an acid catalyst,
07:02
and here we have palladium on carbon, which can act as a catalyst for cross-coupling or reductions. So once we've printed in the active catalytic bed, completing the reactor with polypropylene, we get a complete designed reactor here. So by including catalyst reagent beds in certain orders,
07:20
we can carry out sequential chemical transformations, and in doing so, I select the desired chemical product exercising this chemical control. So we've talked to you today about taking a chemical reaction and embedding it in a reactor, but not just doing it in glass, but 3D printing the architecture in which we do the reaction.
07:43
This is kind of interesting because this allows us to think about not just using a passive reactor, but actually embedding active reagents within the reactionware. And so if you can imagine that we could do this not just here where we have three chambers, but many chambers side by side, we could start to think about making really complex molecules
08:02
in a single device. And what I mean by that? Well, in chemistry, stoichiometry is very important. Catalysis is very important, and also combinatorial screening and combining reagents in certain orders is very important. The problem is that chemists very rarely think about
08:20
the unit operations they do for a discovery process. They more think about the mechanism and the process of the transformation. I think the reactionware will allow us to combine thoughts about the chemical processing and this may aid us to actually make new molecules, and this is what we're actively trying to do at the moment. And I think the jury is still out on whether reactionware will allow you
08:42
to really dramatically discover new molecules, but one thing is sure, that using 3D-printed reactionware will allow us to do chemistry, organic chemistry, beyond glassware, and this is a very exciting prospect for the future.