Synthetic biology seeks to probe fundamental aspects of biological form and function by construction (i.e. resynthesis) rather than deconstruction (analysis). Synthesis thus complements reductionist and analytic studies of life, and allows novel approaches towards fundamental biological questions. We have been exploiting the synthesis paradigm to explore the chemical etiology of the genetic apparatus shared by all life on earth. Specifically, we ask why information storage and propagation in biological systems is based on just two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Is the chemistry of life’s genetic system based on chance or necessity? Does it reflect a "frozen accident", imposed at the origin of life, or are DNA and RNA functionally superior to simple alternatives. I’ll be presenting recent progress on the development and application of strategies to enable the enzymatic synthesis and reverse transcription and hence replication and evolution of novel synthetic genetic polymers, which we term XNAs. We show that eight different synthetic polymers, based on nucleic acid architectures not found in nature, can also mediate genetic information storage and propagation [1]. Beyond heredity, we demonstrate a capacity for Darwinian evolution by the de novoselection of specific ligands (XNA aptamers) and catalysts (XNAzymes) based on entirely synthetic backbones [1, 2]. Thus, key hallmarks of living systems, including heredity and evolution are not limited to DNA and RNA but can be implemented in synthetic polymers and are likely to be emergent properties of polymers capable of information storage. I’ll also be presenting our progress in the engineering and evolution of RNA polymerase ribozymes towards a general polymerase and self-replication capacity We have discovered RNA polymerase ribozymes that are capable of the templated synthesis (i.e. transcription) of a nother simple ribozyme [3] or RNA oligomers exceeding their own size (bigger than 200nts) [4], a key milestone on the road to self-replication. [1] Pinheiro VB, Taylor AI, Cozens C, Abramov M, Renders M, Zhang S, Chaput JC, Wengel J, Peak-Chew S-Y, McLaughlin SH, Herdewijn P & Holliger P (2012) Synthetic Genetic Polymers Capable of Heredity and Evolution. Science. 336: 341-44. [2] Taylor AI, Pinheiro VB, Smola MJ, Morgunov AS, Peak-Chew SY, Cozens C, Weeks KM, Herdewijn P & Holliger P. (2015) Catalysts from synthetic genetic polymers. Nature, 518:427-30 [3] Wochner A, Attwater J, Coulson A & Holliger P (2011) Ribozyme -catalyzed transcription of an active ribozyme. Science; 332: 209-12. [4] Attwater J, Wochner A & Holliger P. (2013) In-ice evolution of RNA polymerase ribozyme activity. Nature Chem.; 5: 1011-8.