Lecture 1. Intermolecular Forces Liquids & Solids, Part I
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ChemistryLemonEne reactionVimentinAlumMeatBeer bottleSilicon carbidePermacultureScanning transmission electron microscopyChemistBiomolecular structureDrug prohibition lawActive siteOreGrading (tumors)Paste (rheology)Electronic cigaretteController (control theory)WursthülleFireChemistryLactitolTool steelElectronAageVerwitterungRiver sourceHydrogenAzo couplingProcess (computing)Growth mediumSentinel lymph nodeHydrogen bondPeriodateStuffingCollectingBattery (electricity)Grading (tumors)AtomclusterDisabilityActive siteStereoselectivityLecture/Conference
09:52
Active siteDrug prohibition lawOreGrading (tumors)Calcium hydroxideCaliforniumChemistryWine tasting descriptorsMarch (territory)MarshSetzen <Verfahrenstechnik>Process (computing)Grading (tumors)Electronic cigaretteIce frontActive siteWine tasting descriptorsCollectingSet (abstract data type)Controller (control theory)Chemical structureChemistryHydrogenAreaPaste (rheology)WaterfallWaterStratotypSense DistrictWhitewaterHydrogen bondLeadOctane ratingHope, ArkansasAzo couplingElectronAgeing
19:44
ChemistryLactoseRustFunctional groupSyndromeFireStuffingBearing (mechanical)VerwitterungJoint (geology)Separation processElectronic cigaretteCell (biology)River sourceHydrogen bondProcess (computing)GeneErdrutschIce frontButcherGrading (tumors)Cell growthHardnessSilencer (DNA)Computer animation
29:36
MustFireAtomic layer depositionPolyethylenimineIceChemistryPressureGrading (tumors)Pascal (unit)Controller (control theory)Systemic therapyBallistic traumaChemistryDrop (liquid)StuffingPig ironTopicityÜbergangszustandButcherSense DistrictVerwitterungElectronic cigaretteMan pageHuman body temperatureOperonAreaFunctional groupWursthülleComputer animation
39:28
Interferon <gamma->U.S. Securities and Exchange CommissionPolyethylenimineDeath by burningChemistryFunctional groupSample (material)Ice frontOrganische ChemieMarch (territory)Grading (tumors)GasAdenineChemistryMorse-PotenzialStuffingAction potentialGeneral chemistryD <2,4->Sea levelExplosionOxygenierungMineralExciter (effect)TopicityStop codonRiver sourceCalculus (medicine)NeotenyNatural competenceISO-Komplex-HeilweiseWasserwelle <Haarbehandlung>PeriodateHorse meatHuman subject researchFiningsComputer animationLecture/Conference
49:21
PolyethylenimineChemistryOxygenMoleculeOzoneRadioactive decayIronCancerStreptomycinVealChlorofluorocarbonUltraviolettspektrumStuffingStream bedSunscreenElectronic cigaretteMoleculeAreaSea levelSample (material)Radioactive decayOxygenChemical elementWhitewaterVerwitterungChemical reactionChemical structureComposite materialChemical reactorOzoneLibrary (computing)Active siteFunctional groupAcetoneCarbon (fiber)Systemic therapyChlorofluorocarbonNanoparticlePaste (rheology)UmweltchemikalieLactitolAgeingInsulinChemistryAzo couplingWursthülleWalkingWine tasting descriptorsNobeliumFiningsButcherRiver sourceGasPharmacokineticsGlassesAtomAtomic numberComputer animationLecture/Conference
59:13
OzoneColumbia RecordsChemical reactionChemistryRiver sourceOzoneDNS-SyntheseChlorineStuffingIonenbindungOxygenFunctional groupUltraviolettspektrumPhotochemistryMoleculeRadioactive decayDichlorodifluoromethaneWaterCod liver oilCell (biology)ThermoformingElephantiasisAzo couplingOrganische ChemieChlorofluorocarbonWine tasting descriptorsCarbon (fiber)Block (periodic table)Bottling lineSense DistrictNobeliumCancerIon channelNutrientGap junctionLibrary (computing)TiermodellActive siteAreaReaktionsgleichungChemical plantWursthülleMarch (territory)HydrologyDeposition (phase transition)OceanBeerOperonKlinisches ExperimentComputer animation
01:09:05
ChemistryOzoneInsulin shock therapyOzoneSea levelSmoking (cooking)MolekulardynamikElectronic cigaretteYield (engineering)Exciter (effect)Satellite DNAUpwellingSetzen <Verfahrenstechnik>ChemistryStuffingCod liver oilCalcium ammonium nitrateSample (material)Ion transporterDiagramComputer animation
01:12:25
ChemistryMetallmatrix-VerbundwerkstoffAtomic orbitalSurface scienceChemical reactionAtomic orbitalChemistryWhitewaterExplosionOzoneOctane ratingSurface scienceNanoparticleAreaGasConcentrateFunctional groupChlorineNobelpreis für ChemieStop codonStockfishSample (material)ElektronentransferMeat analogueCell (biology)Computer animation
01:15:27
ChemistryCrystal twinningMarch (territory)NobeliumAzo couplingChemistryDyeingMemory-EffektLibrary (computing)StratotypCancerStuffingComputer animation
Transcript: English(auto-generated)
00:09
So folks, we have a full house, there's I think 454 seats in this room and there are 454 weather people that are enrolled.
00:23
So you're going to need to get here, you need to get here on time, you need to get a seat. I think it's a lot better if you sit in a seat than if you sit in the aisle way, both for your posture and probably the fire marshal. All right, so I'm Professor Blake, this is the class,
00:42
if you're not in this class you're welcome to sit in on this lecture, but you don't have to. My office is enrolled at Hall, which is sort of right over that direction, I have office hours Tuesdays and Thursdays, so after this class for two hours. Okay, this class Tuesday, this class Thursday.
01:01
We have three TAs, Josette, why don't you stand up Josette. Josette is the head TA, so this is Josette, Erin, and the other TA is where? Merna, okay well anyway, so there's three TAs, this,
01:22
oh crap, I didn't, okay, I knew I didn't, I actually have I think when their office hours are going to be or something, but do I have that yet? I think it's on the web, anyway, just check the website, the website is the best place to look. Now folks, I am really not good at all on the phone, but I'm pretty good with email, all right,
01:42
and so make sure you check your emails, I mean it's not, some of them I guess go to your phone, but it's important that you check your emails at least once a day if not more, because I will send out something, I'll like there'll be a quiz today or tomorrow or something important, all right,
02:00
so please check your emails. This is the textbook, I don't like the book, but I had no choice, okay, we will use it as a reference, I have assigned, there's some seats down in the front, come on down, half a dozen right there,
02:20
right there, perfect. I have assigned all of chapter five, some discussion questions, we'll go over that in a minute, but the book tends to go into things a little bit more mathematically than I would like, it's not a math class, this is a chemistry class, and I would prefer that you understand the concepts rather
02:41
than being able to do the math, math's very important, I'm just saying though that it seems like there's an awful lot of time spent on coulombic attractions, and it's more important to understand what that means as opposed to being able to calculate something, so okay, come on in and get a seat, so I'm not big on the book, there's Wikipedia, if you think
03:04
that I have not done a good job on hydrogen bonding, intermolecular forces, something like this, you know, there's now, you folks, your generation has tools available to them that will allow you to just find stuff, not that you should believe everything on the internet,
03:22
but it is there, so we'll use this textbook as a guide, as an encyclopedia, and as a source for discussion questions, okay? Now, emails I don't want, I already told you I was good at emails, okay,
03:40
I will only email you back, it's a good email to me, okay, I don't want, you people, when I say you people, I mean your generation, you got these phones, you know, I don't understand Twitter, I rarely text, you folks are
04:07
so used to getting a text or whatever and then replying to it, that sometimes you don't think as much as you should before you actually reply, okay, how many of you have ever had a text that you wish you could have had back, okay, well,
04:25
then you're a lot smarter than I am, because I've had more emails that I wish I could just not hit that send button, all right? So, I sent you, I think on Friday, an email saying that discussions for this week or for this class would start on Wednesday, okay, so I sent
04:44
that, I thought it was clear, within two minutes, within two minutes I received this email, okay, if we had discussion on Tuesday, should we go to discussions the first week or not until the second week?
05:01
You know, and I thought, jeez, and then I only put three up, if I put them all up, the font would have been so small you couldn't have read them, all right? Folks, if I send an email, I want you to think, now that doesn't mean I don't make mistakes, I may say something that makes absolutely no sense, okay,
05:20
but read it a couple times before you respond back and say did you really mean this, okay? If you email me and I do not respond, it either means that I am sick or your email was a stupid one, okay? I mean, I've had students after an exam send me an email,
05:44
okay, all of your exams are scanned, okay, all of your exams are scanned, and sometimes we as professors, TAs make a mistake, okay, so you can get your exams and you can look at them, and if there's a mistake, you can then bring it to my attention and I will fix it,
06:02
okay, so what am I supposed to do when a student just emails me and says, I deserve more points on problem five, okay? Do they attach the actual text? No. Do they tell me which class they're in or what their name is? No. Student number?
06:21
No. I can't respond to that. You folks need to take some responsibility, okay, and so that's what I'm going to expect from you in this class, and it'll become a little more obvious why I'm the way I am in a few minutes, okay? So don't irritate me. I'm irritable. I'm old. Look at this beard.
06:42
I haven't shaved since I turned 60, okay, which was last month. I think I'm going to shave maybe tonight because it's bugging me. Okay, this is all on the internet, okay, all on the class website, all this homework stuff, okay? It's electronic homework.
07:02
I apologize that it costs you money. I didn't know that, okay? I didn't know it was going to cost each of you $20. I'm sorry, but the other homework I think had enough problems with it that this is worth the $20, okay?
07:22
So I had one student last night who told me that they had had problems getting on this website. If you do, there's something on the class website that tells you what to do. I have no control over this. I actually thought we were going to have like a,
07:41
they said the TA assigned to you, so I thought there was going to be a person here. It turns out it's a person in Georgia, okay? So anyway, do your homework. I'm not even going to read this. You're not even going to look at this. Okay, boom, boom, boom, 1999 case always sticker shock here. Okay, so read that.
08:07
If I put something in red, that means I want you to really pay attention, okay? Don't ask me anything, anything about electronic homework, okay? I have absolutely no control.
08:21
The homework is due for Chapter 5, midnight on the 18th, okay? That's when we're, that's the week that we will finish Chapter 5, and that's when I want you to have done the homework. I don't know if when I set that date whether that means
08:41
that you can't do any homework past that, you can't get any credit past that, I don't know, okay? I expect you to know. If you, your grade, the homework doesn't count a lot. It's like on the order of maybe 10%, okay? And most students who do it get full credit.
09:01
So I mean, in most cases, everybody gets about the 10% or 8%. And so homework in the end doesn't really do much for you unless you don't do it, and then it hurts you. So this is what it's due, every assignment or every chapter is due at the end of the second week, okay, so we've got two weeks for Chapter 5,
09:20
two weeks for Chapter 6, two weeks for Chapter 7, and there's five chapters, so the last day of class, the last day of homework's due, okay, on for the last week of class. So do not email me anything about homework. Let me see, due of silence, I think I've beaten that into the ground.
09:41
Okay, discussion sections. On the class website are I think seven discussion questions. That we'll get to in a minute. What happens, the way that we will structure discussion sections is you can ask anything.
10:00
If I've done a bad job of explaining a hydrogen bond, then ask your TA's that, okay? The questions, the discussion questions are questions that I would expect you to be able to answer on an exam. So those kinds of questions, it's a guide for the type
10:20
of question that we will have on the exam. If you can't answer those questions, then you better go to discussion and work with your TA on that, okay? But every week there'll be a new set of discussion questions. They start on Wednesday, so what I'm saying is, is that the Wednesday discussion sections are going
10:40
to meet tomorrow, and then from then on we meet, and those discussion questions, okay, those seven discussion questions, which are the even ones, we'll talk about it in a minute, are good for the next five days. So Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Monday, Tuesday,
11:01
and then on Wednesday we'll start the next set of discussions, okay? So everybody will get the questions, and then we'll move on to the next. So sometime next week I will come up with a half a dozen more questions, which will then be for the discussions that start on Wednesday, okay? So it's like Wednesday is our Monday.
11:22
All right. There's lots of discussion. You can go to as many as you want, okay? You can go to none, okay? Hopefully you'll go to some. Now this is important. This is something that gets me cranky, and I want everybody
11:41
to read my lips when I say this, okay? There are no grades for individual exams. I do not, if you get a, if the average is a 50 and you get a 60, do not email me or come up afterwards and say Professor Places, is this an A or a B? Okay? There's no individual grades, okay?
12:01
It's only when we add everything up, the two midterms, the final, the homework, quizzes, whatever, where we get a final distribution. And then it's usually a Gaussian-looking distribution, and I assign grades from that. Now, the way that you don't have
12:22
to ask the question is always do really well, okay? So I had a student last year who got the highest grade, I think, on every exam. She didn't have to ask if she was getting an A, okay?
12:46
So do well, there's nothing that says I can't give everybody A's, okay? I can give everybody in this whole class an A. If you performed really, really well, I would do it, okay? I won't be forced to do that, though, unfortunately,
13:02
because some of you are going to sleep, some of you are not going to show up, and it saddens me, okay? Anyway, so no grades assigned. This is sort of how it's going to look. Quizzes, midterm, 20%, 20%, final, 40%, and then we add everything up,
13:20
and we look at the distribution, okay? I'm not held or bound to the distribution of the biological sciences, okay, where it's like 17% or 34% get A's, okay? I do it relative to what my colleagues do, okay? So I really can't tell you if you're going to get an A,
13:40
unless you're always getting the cochran, or if you're always at the bottom. You also don't have to ask what your grade is, okay? That's not the position I want you to be in. Okay, and making up exams is like a no-no. Okay, here's one. I can't, I have no control. They have taken away complete control of this class from me,
14:04
because in the past, I've screwed it up. People would come up and say, can I add this class? And I'd say, sure, you know, there's a C. And then it turns out I would add more people than were actually allowed in the class. And that caused all kinds of problems. And so 15 years ago, they realized professors were
14:21
knuckleheads, and that we couldn't be trusted. So everything has to be done. I, when I say no control, I've had people email me about the waiting list. And I don't, I'm not upset with those emails, but I have no idea, I don't even have information as to who's on the waiting list. So I can't tell you where you are, how many people are going
14:41
to drop out of this class or anything. Okay? So you just have to show up. And once again, in 1103, and that's site two, is where we have Terry Short and the undergraduate folks can give you some assistance there. And academic honesty, I'm obligated to show you this and tell you about this, because if it turns
15:01
out that I find somebody cheating, I will prosecute to the extent of the law, which means a letter goes in your file in the dean's office, you never go to medical school, and it's not a fun life after cheating, okay? So do not cheat, all right? Everybody must understand that cheating is not the way
15:21
to get ahead, but it is the way to get behind. Okay, I just have to, this will be on the website, you don't need to look up this. We'll be on the exams, okay, 10%, something like that, from the discussion questions, the electronic homework, okay? 80%, well, I guess 80% is from the book, the lectures,
15:42
and the problems at the end of the chapter, so this is the electronic homework, this is the discussion questions I give you, and look at this, 3 to 10% will always be on the same question. Is there anybody in this room who has taken me for Chem 1B before?
16:03
Okay. Am I lying about that? You don't think so. You know which question I'm talking about? So you took me as Chem B when? When did you take me?
16:21
Okay, do you remember the question at the end of the, it was always the last question at the end of each exam? Okay, what is that question? Okay, thank you. It's the same question. I'm so lazy, folks, I just cut and paste. That is honest truth, and you just don't seem to get it,
16:42
right? Every test I give for freshmen, it's the first exam, it's the second exam, it's the final. The same question, and on the first exam, three-quarters of you, half of you will get it all right,
17:03
and almost half of you will get something, okay? But it's amazing how then the second exam, not a whole lot of people realize that that's, and then on the final exam, people are still getting it all on the final. I know. This lady's going, how stupid are people?
17:20
And trust me, we've got stupid people in this room. We have smart people, too, but, I mean, how can somebody tell you, I'm telling you, that's going to be on the exam every time, and then you're not even smart enough to trust me. That's amazing. Anyway, but it's true.
17:40
All right, how are we doing here? Here's the syllabus, okay? It's posted, it's simple. Every two weeks, we do another chapter, and at the end of every fourth week, we have an exam. Thursday, the 31st, the end of the month, the end of the month, and then, you know, Thursday
18:02
at 8 o'clock in the morning, that sucks. I mean, the only thing worse is the one, because I teach two of these classes, so I'm kind of already burned out. I taught one class last night from 6 to 7.20, and then I have to teach this 14 hours later, so my voice is bad,
18:21
and I'm cranky, crankier. Those poor suckers, you know when their final is? Friday at 7 at night, like the school ended at 6 o'clock, and I got to do a final, which means then I got to grade the whole next day. So this is bad, at least with this class,
18:42
we'll get your final graded that same day, so anyway. Okay, so here's the thing, look on the website, we'll stick to this pretty closely. I can e-mail you, though, and say, you know, today we're going to talk about this, so pay attention to that. Okay, class rules.
19:02
I've already talked about cheating. The phones part, okay? Once again, it's a difference, I realize I'm old, okay? When I was your age, it was don't trust anybody over 40, and now I'm 60, so this is a problem, a trust problem, but we didn't have phones.
19:22
We didn't have the internet, okay? So you guys, this phone thing is like an addiction. It's amazing. Last night, I had a young woman sitting like right here, front row, during a lecture, not this part,
19:41
this is all housekeeping, because this is just boring stuff, I'm going to give a lecture, okay, that is going to explain to you what those 3 to 10% of the points are going to be, okay? So you, and I said, you need to know this stuff. She's sitting right here, I'm in the front row. What's with that? I don't get it.
20:01
So anyway, phones usually will have a guy come in who will sit with Josette and Aaron, who has Down syndrome, okay? He will come in, he's been in my group now for going on 10 and a half years, and he will make an announcement to you every day saying turn off your cell phones,
20:21
or at least put them on silence. I can't make you not look at your cell phone, okay? But if it's quiet, you know, I'm okay with it. But I'm not okay with talking, we'll get to that in a minute. Oh, I guess we're getting to it right now, I'm so smart.
20:40
Be quiet, okay? Now, you know, I was shocked last night, okay? I don't know if it was like the post-dinner rush, you know, or what, but while I was talking about being quiet, they were chatting.
21:03
People over here, just talking, and I'm trying to explain to them, listen, you know, I don't care if you respect me, okay, I'm hoping at the end of this quarter you go, well, you know, I've had better and I've had worse, you know, but he's above average, okay?
21:22
Well, I mean, I would like to think that I can do a, you know, a job of trying to convey to you the important concepts without boring you to death. So, but the respect I'm talking about folks is for each other, okay? If this lady right here is sitting here taking notes
21:41
like a son of a gun, and this lady right here is talking to this lady, it's disrupting her and those around her. So that's what I worry about. I worry about somebody chit-chatting and causing the person, anybody around them, to not be able to focus like they should.
22:01
That's the respect, okay? So you need to sit in class and get here on time, okay? What I don't want you to do is to come in through this door at 9.40, okay? Was that last year that that one woman, she came in that door, walked right in front of me, and sat over here? At like 10 minutes into the lecture?
22:22
I mean, what, anyway, don't get me started. So, respect each other, be quiet, sleep, no problem. I don't care if you sleep. I had sleepers last night. During the most important lecture, I had people sleeping, but they weren't making any noise.
22:42
So that's, you know, at least it's not disruptive. I expect you to be quiet. I don't want you to be quiet. I expect you to be quiet. You think that grown people like yourselves could sit for an hour and 20 minutes without, oh, I almost said a bad word, without talking, okay?
23:07
So, use office hours, my office hours, the TA office hours. Contact Sapling. This is the company that's getting your $20. Make them work for it, okay? I get no cut.
23:20
If I got like a percentage, then I would feel obligated to maybe help, but I don't get anything. So, don't ask me, ask them. And, again, no cheating. You cheat, I broke something. Suggestions. What the heck?
23:43
Suggestions. Study hard. Anybody not understand that? What do you think I mean by study hard? How many hours a week? Should you study for this class? I don't know. It's different for each one of you.
24:02
So, you need to study, you need to work. The textbook, once again, is marginally helpful, okay? It gives you more theory and expects you to apply it. I will try and translate that into what it really means, okay? Ask me questions, not the person next to you.
24:20
I'm more than happy to answer questions and to improve things. If you say, you know, you talk too fast, you talk too slow, you know, the boring part, I can't help, but if you want to make suggestions, absolutely. And, use the tutoring services, okay? There are tutoring services available to you, which brings me to this.
24:41
So, there is departmental tutoring, all right? How many of you are departmental tutors? One, two, three, four. Okay, I think there's a fifth one, okay. So, what I'd like to do, Pegga, is if you could email me,
25:00
the website, we'll put it on the, on our class website, who the tutors are, and where you go to do what you got to do, okay? Whatever that is, I don't know. Anyway, so these are the department tutors, okay? They're free, okay?
25:22
Then, there's the Lark tutors, of which I think there are three, and we're going to have a short little, you want to say something, or you want me to, okay. Uh-oh, oh geez, where is this thing? Uh-oh, boy, making this tough, okay.
25:42
Make it quick, buddy. Hi everyone, my name is Steven, I'm from Lark, and we just wanted to let you know that we are offering Lark tutorials for your class this session, maybe two times a week for one hour per session. It does cost $100 per quarter, but that comes up to less than $5 an hour. If you want to learn more, just go to our website, lark.uci.edu, okay, or email us at lark.uci.edu.
26:04
Thank you. Okay, thank you. So, it's very helpful, folks, okay? And, don't underestimate how much help you need, okay? I'm not trying to be rude there, but I'm just saying, use everything possible to help you learn the material.
26:27
Okay, facts, I will ask questions during class. Is that true? Yes, he says, loud yes, because with a laser, I can get that guy right there scratching his head, yeah, you, with the green dot on his chest.
26:41
It's not like a flashlight where you can act like it wasn't on you, okay? I can get her, I can get him, okay? I can get anybody, and so, I will ask a question. Never ask a question to embarrass somebody, okay? But, I will, if I say, well,
27:02
what kind of hydrogen bonding is this, or what is this, what is this, you know, or how many fingers do I have on this hand, you know, and I would go, you. And then, she would say, I believe there's either four fingers and a thumb, or there's five fingers, up to you, okay? And then, that would be it, okay? Never to embarrass you, but I want to involve you. I won't call on you if you're asleep, okay?
27:22
Once again, I'm not trying to embarrass you. I just want you to be involved, and the look on people's face, okay, is like horror, you know? But, it's not as, is it Pega? I asked Pega several questions last year, okay? I'm just going to embarrass her. She's the one that got the highest grade on every exam, okay?
27:40
Yeah, yeah, yeah, and let me tell you something, okay? It's not, she came to office hours. She came to every office hour I had, okay, and more, and so I'm not trying to embarrass her, but the point is that the person with the highest grade in the class put a lot of effort into it, all right?
28:03
So, everybody can do that, okay? Unless you're in the classroom, I had a student in like 10 years, or I don't know how long ago it was. He comes to me at like week nine. Go on, Professor Blake, you know, I'm in your class. He's got like this horrible cold and stuff, and he says,
28:22
you know, I've been sick, and I have girlfriend problems, and it's exactly what he said. Nine weeks, he never came to class, and he just thought like in high school that you just get dropped if you don't show up. It's not like that, folks. You are in this class, whether you like it or not, unless you physically go on your computer and go to either telly
28:44
or whatever you've got to go on to get yourself out of here. So, it's very important that you do that, because you do not want, because just being a knucklehead does not get you out of the class. I mean, this guy, what was his excuse, okay? I mean, if it's after a certain time,
29:02
now it's after two weeks. Have I already showed that, where I said you have two weeks? Well, that's on the next slide. You've got like until the end of next week to drop this class. It used to be six weeks. You used to be able to do it after the first exam. Now it's, you're going to get to know me before you've got to make a decision whether you're going to stay with me or not.
29:20
Anyway, but drop or don't drop, the point is you only have until the end of next week, but you've got to do it, not me. I'll post weekly discussion questions, and I've got jury notice, so maybe jury duty on that Friday, after that Friday. I hope not. More facts, okay, okay, I guess this is the one.
29:41
We've got drop in the second week. We have three wonderful TAs. There will be some pop quizzes in the class. I've actually done that, folks, and so it's not fun to do, but I do it, and I have no power, once again, to add or drop you from the class. Are there any questions about housekeeping? Anything? This is the time to ask.
30:03
Yes? Loud. Pop quizzes, good question. So, I don't do the clicker. I just pass out a scantron. It's a pain, it takes way too long, but sometimes it's worth the time, okay? So, I bring the scantrons.
30:23
So, you don't show up, you risk not having a quiz, okay? It's not my way of threatening you to show up, okay? You should show up just because you want to show up. Here are the discussion questions, okay? Now, I'm going to tell you, only because I'm such a nice guy.
30:43
I think it was last year. I did just this, okay? And, I had some student email me saying, Professor Blake, I can't find those problems at the back of the chapter. And, I thought, oh my gosh.
31:02
When this person goes to a hotel, and their room is 1116, do they go to the 11th floor? I hope. You know, people, if you don't travel, that's how it works. Usually, the room number has something to do with the first number of two on your thing.
31:21
So, this person didn't realize that this was really question 5.2, and 5.4, and 5.6. I was shocked that a college student could not fit. When I said do the questions at the back of the chapter, it's outside the box, folks. Maybe there are some of you that are looking up here,
31:42
thinking that it's going to just say question number two. Okay? It's not. So, these are the questions that you will be doing in discussion Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Monday, Tuesday. And, there will be a new set next week. Okay. Are there any other questions? Any questions?
32:02
All right. So, a little bit about me, okay? And, there's a reason why I'm telling you this. So, whereas all of you were quite good in high school, okay, you don't get into the UC system without having been in like the top whatever, 5, 10, 12%.
32:20
Okay? I would be willing to bet that the average GPA in high school in this classroom was close to a 4.0. Okay? There's some of you that had 4.5s and 6s, which I think is ridiculous. Because we had just As. There was no five, you know?
32:42
I mean, 4.0 meant you got an A in every class. Now, 4.0 means you could get like a whole bunch of Bs, even a C. Anyway, what's happened to society? But, you're all very, very talented, and you're smart. Okay? Every one of you, every one of you
33:02
in this class could get an A. I promise you that. Every one of you could get an A. You're that smart. Okay? But, you know what? There are going to be, out of 450 in this class, there could be as many as 100 or more that get Ds and Fs. How is a person who had a 4.0 in high school going to get a D
33:23
or an F in a chemistry class? You know why? How about a suggestion? Why is somebody who got great grades in high school not going to get a great grade in this class? Lazy, immature, you know, you're not living at home, maybe,
33:43
so mom and dad aren't telling you when to do your homework and stuff. That kind of thing happens, and it probably happened to me at a much earlier age. Okay? I didn't even bother with high school. Okay? I had a 2.8, actually it was a 2.7 something, but I rounded up, and so I was not a great student,
34:04
but I had fun, okay? Bad news is there was a war, okay, back in the 60s, and so in my, what should have been my second quarter, like this quarter right now, in fact, I went into boot camp on January 6th of my freshman year, okay?
34:23
So imagine instead of sitting here, be sitting in boot camp. We didn't sit much. So 40 years ago today I was on my tour of duty, when I came back, because I had not been a good student in high school, I couldn't go to a good school, you know?
34:45
And so I went to community college, which actually was quite good for me because it was a nice little transition, and then I went to UCLA, and then I went to, I got my bachelor's at UCLA, and I got my PhD here in the 80s.
35:00
And so that's my path, all right? So this would be me, could have been 41 years ago, okay? It's the happy guy right there. Oh, real funny. Shave off your hair, walk around in a t-shirt,
35:22
roll it up where they're going to give you shots in both arms at the same time. Those are air guns, and you would just walk up in billet number order, so this is black, Botroff, Britton, Blake, I'm not sure how Hanson got in here, and then Brookshire, but anyway.
35:40
So we were just waiting, and every week you'd walk in between two guns, boom, boom, boom, boom. So those are the same guy, but with a different outfit on. I mean, every week, trust me, every week it happened. And so I probably had 15 or 20 shots, and you know,
36:05
it was just a gun that they would shoot, and if you moved at the wrong time, it would just lay you wide open. Yeah, it was horrible, and we didn't have AIDS back then, okay, and we didn't have herpes, and I don't know about hepatitis C, but anyway,
36:22
they didn't probably care about that. So they would shoot you, and then you would just take, you know, this guy would leave, and this guy would go get there, and boom, they didn't wipe anything off or anything. I know, so if like some blood, when they'd shoot you, if some blood got on that little gun thing that they'd shoot you with, they just shot into the next guy.
36:43
So we had to walk in with cotton balls, and we had to do our own, you know, arms, but they didn't do anything to the gun. So anyway, okay, well, so that's, so folks, you know what? I don't have a whole lot of sympathy for a bunch of Bed, Wet, and Cry babies, okay, who can't get their homework done,
37:03
who have a sore throat, who, you know, because this is what I was doing, right this day, 41 years ago, okay? So once again, because I was forced to do stuff, you know, I mean, during a war, you don't sleep much. Even when you're not in a war, you can sometimes not sleep much, and plus,
37:22
you have no control over your life. They just said, okay, you're going to go from here to here, and you got to go. So once again, I think you guys have it very, very nice, and so I'm not, as I said, I'm not sympathetic at all, asking you to do something or to study hard or to work hard, okay?
37:44
I was a good guy, okay? This is me, all dressed up nice here, and I was given the Lion's Club Citizenship Award, so out of 750 recruits, I was the number one recruit.
38:00
It doesn't mean I was the best recruit. It just says I was a nice recruit, okay? I didn't like to shoot people and stuff, but anyway, but now I'm cranky, okay? Back then, the guys even smiled, and I got in trouble for smiling a lot in boot camp. Man, I don't smile much anymore. I'm cranky. So why did I tell you about myself, okay?
38:23
I told you because I have now confessed to you that I was not a good student, but that I could turn things around, all right, and I did turn things around. I went from a not a good grade average in high school to a better grade average at a community college, to UCLA,
38:40
to a PhD, to where two and a half years ago, for three years, I was the chairman of the chemistry department, okay? From a guy that, when I saw my high school counselor, okay, all of you went to your high school counselors, and they said, oh, go to Berkeley. Go to UC Irvine. Go to Caltech. Go to wherever, you know? You know what they told me? Mrs. Gardner, her son is actually a professor
39:03
of biology here, David Gardner. I went to school with his brother and sister. You know what she told me? She looked at my file, and, Mr. Blake, San Diego Gas and Electric is hiring for $3.25 an hour.
39:22
Yeah, that is exactly what she said. Do you hear me? Who didn't hear what I said? Okay, she told me, my high school counselor, who's supposed to be giving me good counseling advice, which, you know, she said, she looked at my file. It was so weak, and she said, San Diego Gas and Electric is hiring for $3.25 an hour.
39:42
So, basically, she said, don't bother with college. Okay? Now, I'm kind of still an optimist, but I was very much an optimist then. So, I really took this as a compliment, because minimum wage was $1.35. $3.25. Now, I thought she saw some real potential in me.
40:06
But, so, so you can do it. Okay? I'll tell you one more story, and then I better get to the lecturing. Okay. So, I haven't started my lecture yet. So, I went to UCLA. The first class I took was organic chemistry,
40:22
because I'd already taken general chemistry one quarter before I got drafted, and then one quarter after, or one semester, and I studied at about the same level at UCLA that I had at the community college, and the community colleges back then were much easier. Now, they're really quite good, and so I was able
40:42
to get A's at the community college with effort, but not Herculean effort. And so, I studied at UCLA like I did at the community college, and I ended up with a D in organic chemistry, first quarter.
41:00
First quarter at UCLA, and I get called into the office, the department office, and they say, you know, you can't get D's as a chemistry major. So, one more D, and you're out of here. So, all of a sudden, you're thinking that your life that you thought you had planned for the next two or three years is going down the drain, okay? Unfortunately, folks, it saddens me to say this,
41:21
but there are going to be people in this very classroom who are going to email me after the final saying, Professor Blake, I'm an engineering major, I'm a this, I'm a biology major, whatever. I cannot not pass this class. I'm on academic probation, you know? I mean, it's not, so I guess I was sort of on academic probation before they had that word, okay?
41:43
And so, on the final, for that organic chemistry class, out of 200 points, I got a 92, a little bit below 100, or a little below 50%, so I had to retake the class.
42:01
So, I retook the class the next quarter, not having remembered much from the quarter before, but this time, I approached it differently. I did every problem at the back of each chapter while we were doing the chapter. So, sort of proactive, okay? Then, before the midterm, I did all of the problems
42:23
at the back of the chapter that were for the chapters that we covered, besides going over notes and stuff for the lectures. And then, for the final, I did every problem at the back of every chapter that we covered. So, I did each problem in the book three times. Now, on March 22nd, 1976, I was no smarter than I was
42:44
on like December 10th, 1975, and no smarter, okay? My CPU had not changed, okay? But, I got a 92 out of 200 on the exam in December, okay?
43:00
I got a 192 out of 200, the highest grade in the class, on the next time I took it, no smarter, not one bit smarter. It was because I worked, and I studied, and I studied, and I studied, and I probably spent 30 hours a week on that one class, but I proved to myself
43:21
that I belonged, okay? So, I'm telling you these stories about myself so that this isn't just some theoretical thing where I say you could study hard, because all of you did better in high school than me, and you all probably have a higher IQ than I do, okay? But, that doesn't mean you're going to be more successful than me, okay? You have to work hard, and that's where I kind
43:41
of call it being grabbed on the face and shaken, that that's what happened to me in the military. I realized I didn't want to be doing what I was forced to do, and so, I said, boy, I'm going to study, you know? And, I did, and it's worked, so you can all get A's. I hope you all get A's.
44:00
Any questions? Yes? I didn't. Okay, so when do I, okay, I can tell one story here. Okay. So, but nobody asked any more questions that has a story attached to it, okay, because we'll never get to the lecture.
44:22
Okay, so, because I had virtually no college, and I was, when I was in the service, I was actually in intelligence, okay? You took a test, like an SAT, but simpler, and if you scored a certain level, you could either be a nuclear person or a spy.
44:42
That's the truth, okay? So, I was a spy, and you can, I was a spy listening to other people's Morse code, the Vietnamese, the Russians, the Arabs, the you name it. Wherever I was stationed to who I was supposed to be spying
45:01
on, I just did what they told me, okay? And, there's a lot of nothing in the military. I mean, just sitting there with nobody communicating on the, so there's no internet, but on the radio waves. And so, if you had a group of let's say this front row of people sitting in a room that was much smaller
45:21
than this, they came up with a game, Trivial Pursuit, okay? Before there was a game, Trivial Pursuit. So, you just made up your own questions, all right? So, I might ask Josette, Josette, you know, in what year did Galileo discover the three moons
45:42
around Jupiter? And, Josette would say, hmm, well, and she says, I got a master's degree from such and such a place. That would be in 1561, okay? And then, I would be sitting there going, how do these people know this stuff? You know? And then, Josette would ask Pegga a question, and then Pegga would ask me a question,
46:01
and I could never answer the questions, you know? And, the question's like, what was the name of Alexander the Great's horse? Who cares? I was 19, you know? But, people knew these answers, and after a while, this one guy would pick on me, okay? He had a master's degree from USC, and he would pick on me,
46:22
and he'd go, Don, here's a simple question for a simple mind. Isn't that horrible? I think that is so mean, you know? No, I mean, picking on somebody that doesn't know a lot is not nice. And, he literally, night after night, who's this?
46:42
And, he got to where I kind of believed. Yeah, I hadn't had a good grade plan in high school. I hadn't performed in high school. I didn't have the confidence that you folks have. And so, I started to kind of believe in it. And so, at some point, I asked this guy, it was like a midnight watch, and I said, so what is the toughest major?
47:01
In college. And, they sort of talked about it, and it came out to be chemistry, okay? And then, I said, what's the highest degree you can get? And, they said a PhD. That's why I went into chemistry. I had to prove to myself that I wasn't that simple-minded, okay?
47:22
And so, that's part of the story. I will tell you another part some other time, but that's, so it was, then once I got here, and you're going to see in the next half hour the exciting research that we've been doing. So, as a graduate student, this is what I did. And so, science got more and more exciting,
47:42
and had an appeal to me, and I just fell into this position, got lucky, okay, with a lot of work. That's the definition of luck, where preparation meets opportunity, okay? So, you study hard for the exams. I promise to ask the right questions.
48:03
Okay, any questions? Now, you know more about me than I know about any of you. You probably know a lot more about me than you would like to know. So, let's, okay, more about the, we'll talk later about this, the studies that we're doing. Let me just say that there's some very exciting studies
48:22
that we're doing, and, well, there's just too much to, okay, well, yeah, don't worry about questions. Okay. So, Olin Blake group, or the Blake-Rollin group,
48:40
I'm not sure what, Olin Blake, I guess, is how we answer the phone, is a group that is famous for measuring gases in the atmosphere. Okay, that's what our group does. We take an air sample of this room. We take an air sample of whatever. The data that I was looking at before I came
49:01
to class this morning was data collected in Saudi Arabia, by me, during the Hajj, okay, it's the pilgrimage. I was in Saudi Arabia in April, I think, I'll be going back again in April, where we're actually studying during the pilgrimage where you have an extra three or four million pilgrims
49:22
that show up in Jeddah and need to get to Mecca, studying what impact that has on air quality and on the health of the people. So, it's a very exciting study, and this is Aaron Gartner, one of your TA's, this is, could be his only, or one of his thesis projects, okay, so it's supposed to go on for a couple years, three years, maybe, very exciting.
49:43
Measuring gases in different locations, okay, so, this, Sherry knew, but one of these guys is Gay Lusac, the other is somebody else, a student of his. This is the first sample, this is like a glass thing that they evacuated, they went up in a balloon, and went up to five or six or seven miles up,
50:02
and they collected air samples, because they didn't know what the atmosphere looked like. All they knew about what the atmosphere looked like down here. So, he was discovering what the atmosphere, what the composition of the atmosphere was at five, six, seven miles up. So, this is Gay Lusac, he's the first one.
50:21
If you want to look up his name, fine. Anyway, now, this is my and Josette's and Aaron's academic heritage, all right? So, this is me, a lot of beard, and less gray hair. This is Professor Rowland, okay,
50:40
Professor Rowland was my graduate advisor, so I worked for six years with him on my PhD. He, his research advisor, was Willard Libby. Willard Libby invented carbon-14 dating. Okay, very important discovery. Sherry Rowland, we'll hear about today, did stratospheric ozone depletion, got a Nobel Prize in 1995.
51:02
Go back, there's about six people or five people between Willard Libby and Gay Lusac. So, Aaron and Josette are going to have pictures right here when they give this lecture ten years from now, okay? Because they will be my academic children, okay? Sounds kind of corny, I know, but my wife says I'm too much
51:21
like those big bang guys, and so they would find this quite interesting. And this is just a picture of Sherry and Mauro Molino, these are two of the three that won the Nobel Prize, and the work that I'm going to talk about today. Okay, now you do not need, I'm going to tell you today
51:43
in the lecture what you absolutely need to know, be able to write down for that three to ten percent, okay? That's what today's lecture is about, is the three to ten percent, last question on every exam, cut and paste, okay? Now, you don't have to write this down, I'm just trying
52:01
to explain to you how this whole system works. Up in the stratosphere, we have oxygen in the room, okay? Twenty-one percent. Up in the atmosphere, this h nu means energy, in this case it's a photon, okay, it's a photon, light, like this thing hitting me right now is photons hitting
52:20
my face. So, the oxygen molecule gets hit by some radiation, breaks into two oxygen atoms, don't forget, atoms are individual ones, molecules are the ones that are connected, when you get more than one atom together, it's a molecule. Once you have this, then it can interact
52:41
with an oxygen molecule, plus a third body, to make an ozone. Ozone's very important, okay? Ozone is very important. Because ozone, then, can absorb radiation, and then it breaks into the oxygen, O2 and an oxygen atom, and the products of this reaction are the reactants of this reaction. So, it just cycles, like this, cycle, cycle, cycle,
53:03
cycle, cycle, and then you can get rid of some ozone this way. So, basically, this is like a steady state level, a certain amount of ozone that is in the stratosphere. It happens about 10 to 30 miles above us, and it is that this absorption right here that keeps us from frying, okay?
53:23
If we didn't have ozone up there, we would not be on land, okay, because without the ozone protecting us and removing that harmful radiation, we would just get fried. Yes? Hey, we're going to get there.
53:42
You ask a lot of questions. I'm glad you're in the front row. So, yeah, we're going to talk about that, hopefully, in about 20 minutes. Okay. So, but thank you, because it's important for you to realize that this stuff I'm going to talk about, about Sherry and Mario and Ralph and Rich, is stratosphere goes on in general, not this locational,
54:04
regional stuff that I will talk about at the end, okay? But, this is how the ozone works. It absorbs radiation, and then it reforms, makes ozone. Ozone comes down here, gets broken up, goes back up here, and it just cycles. So, the sunlight hits it, breaks apart, boom, boom, boom,
54:20
back together, and that's how it's been for a long time. Now, that's just a cartoon, okay, the same thing, all right? It's just with an oxygen molecule, hits an oxygen atom, plus the M, and you make ozone, okay?
54:41
For those of you who are more visual. Three kinds of ultraviolet, just generally speaking, UVA, B, and C. UVC is more high energy, and doesn't make it past the ozone layer, okay? See, that arrow doesn't make it all the way down to the ground here. UVB, a little bit of it gets down, this is a, like,
55:01
I guess, an advertisement for sunscreens, but I didn't mean it to be, and the UVA is the one that makes it all the way down. So, a little bit of this makes it down, but not, not nearly as much as the UVA. And, this is the stuff, so think about it. If you look at this, a little bit of this makes it down, none of this makes it down, but,
55:21
and pretty much all of this. So, if we remove some ozone that's up here, that is removing some of that radiation, then there's more radiation that can come down. It'd be like if you had an umbrella, and you went outside, nice sunny day, and you held that umbrella,
55:40
there'd be no sunlight hitting your head. But, if I take some pins, or needles, and start poking holes in that umbrella, a little bit of light starts to come through. And, that's what has happened. That's what Sherry and Mario said, with what they discovered or proposed was that, that ozone could be a problem, could be in jeopardy. So, these are Sherry's notes from a meeting back in 1971,
56:03
where he, somebody put an instrument that they just invented, put it on a ship. It went from England to Uruguay and back. And, what they noticed was that there was more of these things called freons in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere.
56:20
So, it's sort of a gradient, a gradient. And, Sherry's a very smart man, okay. And, he came back, and he thought, hmm, this is interesting. I wonder what the chemical fate of these freons, because they're supposed to be inert, okay, inert. What does inert mean?
56:43
Unreactive. Yes. So, basically, it's supposed to just float around. Now, let me ask you a question, okay. What are ways that something could be removed from the atmosphere? Okay, raise your hand. A way that you could remove something that we put into the atmosphere, how could we get rid of it?
57:03
Rainfall. Yes. Rain out is a very good one. And, if you look at the mountains, after it rains, you can see the mountains, okay. You can't see the mountains before sometimes, because there's all these particles. So, what happens is, the rain goes down, grabs the particles, and they rain out.
57:20
Turns out, CFCs do not rain out, okay. So, maybe they can stick on something. Some things have a sticking coefficient. They just hit something and stick, okay. That's like the inside of your windshield. You ever notice how you've got this kind of grimy stuff on the inside of your windshield every now and then you've got to wash it off? Okay, maybe it's just me.
57:41
Anyway, so things stick. Things can be chemically removed. So, there are lots of things, ways that you can remove stuff. But, what Sherry was told at this meeting was, was that this thing was, these molecules were inert. So, this is CFC 11, a carbon, two chlorines, two fluorines.
58:01
50-year lifetime. That really means that if you go put some in the atmosphere today, that it's going to be 50 years before two-thirds of it's gone. Not all of it, two-thirds of it. So, that means that something like this with a 100-year lifetime, that when you're my age, when you're my age, this stuff that we, that I put
58:22
in the air in the 60's is still going to be there. So, a very long lifetime. So, it's the kind of thing where, well, anyway, this is the structure. You don't need to know the structure. The good news is, is that Marl Malina, smart guy, had just finished his graduate work
58:41
at Berkeley with Pimentel, and he joined Sherry Rowland's group. And, Sherry got back from the meeting, and he says, hmm, well, you know, there's two or three things you can work on. A, B, and C was, you know, I'm curious about the removal of CFC's. So, this is where fate had sort of intervened.
59:01
Fortunately, Mario was a photochemist, which means he's going to be thinking, hmm, I'm going to look into stuff being blown apart with sun's rays, as opposed to being a hydrologist, where he's going to be thinking, okay, there's got to be some of it dissolved in water. So, what Mario did was he took a cell, sort of like this,
59:24
put some CFC-12 in it, and shined a light in it, okay, shined a light in one end, went in, and it turns out that at certain wavelengths, whatever went in, 100% of it came out. None of it was removed,
59:40
which means there was no absorption by this. And, he kept cranking down the wavelength, which means the energy increased, and eventually, when he got down to 220 nanometers, 220 I think, 100% of what went in, only 96% came out.
01:00:00
He cranked it down a little bit more to 210, and 100% went in, and maybe 60% came out. That meant it was absorbing. So he runs upstairs and tells Sherry, he says, look, you know, I did a photochemistry experiment on this thing, and it turns out that it, at wavelengths less energy than 220, nothing happens.
01:00:21
But at wavelengths shorter than this, which means more energy, then you rupture the carbon-chlorine bond. Okay? So now Sherry and Mario have this information. But big deal. But where do you think, where do you think this kind of radiation is available? Up high. Okay?
01:00:41
The ozone layer removes, I mean, there's no 220 down. You can't go outside and find any 220. You can't even find any 280. Okay? So 220, you got to go up really, really high. Okay? So they got to thinking, okay, well, what would happen if, in this ozone layer, you were to deposit a chlorine? Okay? Interestingly, at the same time, two scientists,
01:01:04
Ralph Cicerone and Rich Delarski. Ralph Cicerone had been the chancellor here. First he was a professor, then he was the dean, and then he was the chancellor. And now he is the president of the National Academy of Sciences, which is the most powerful scientific organization
01:01:20
in the world. Okay? So he's like the most powerful scientist in the world. So Ralph used to be here, now he's there. He's in his second term as the National Academy of Sciences president. So Rich and Rich Delarski and Ralph Cicerone came up with this cycle. They said, okay, if you had chlorine, if you had chlorine
01:01:40
in the stratosphere, the chlorine would react with an oxygen. You need to know this. Write this down. Oh, yeah, sorry. This is the first thing so far that you have to absolutely know and understand. Man, people jump, too.
01:02:19
So a chlorine, a free chlorine reacts
01:02:24
with an ozone, forms CLO. When a CLO then sees an atomic oxygen, it then makes an oxygen molecule and a chlorine. Okay? Now, that in itself isn't such a big deal. The problem is this.
01:02:42
That now this chlorine can come back up here and destroy another ozone. And so on the whole, one chlorine destroys about 100,000 ozone. This, folks, is the catalytic destruction of ozone. The question on the exam will say, with chemical equations,
01:03:01
show the chlorine catalytic destruction of ozone. You will do just that. Both, okay, not just one. If you show just this top one, then you're right. This is the destruction of ozone, but it's not catalytic. You've got to have the second one. It's this catalytic part that means
01:03:20
that this chlorine is now free to come back up there. So you need that entire reaction. Now, the reason Sherry and Mario got the Nobel, and not Ralph and Rich, is because Sherry and Mario actually came up with a source of chlorine.
01:03:42
Ralph and Rich just said, gee, if there were chlorine in the stratosphere, this would happen. That's like me saying, if there were elephants in the stratosphere, we could destroy ozone. That may be the case, but there are no elephants, and Ralph and Rich had no reason to think there was any chlorine. Sherry and Mario had this. On the exam, you have to give them one of these.
01:04:02
This is CCl3F plus H new goes to Cl plus C. Make sure you got the right number of carbons and chlorines there, folks, okay? So either this one or this one. I won't ask both. I'll say show how CFCs or a CFC is photolyzed in the stratosphere, how that leads
01:04:20
to then catalytic ozone destruction. Okay, so it's this, it's this, okay? I'll also ask who proposed this, okay? Roland and Molina. Roland and Molina proposed this, that CFCs could destroy stratospheric ozone, okay?
01:04:47
And if you, and go online, find out, read about this. And once again, in this case, this chlorine from the ruptured bond, the carbon-chlorine bond here,
01:05:03
jumps up there, and then, and Sherry and Mario came up in the same cycle also. So two completely opposite groups that didn't even know about each other, actually became quite good friends, that independently came up with this reaction. It's just that Sherry and Mario came
01:05:22
up with a source for chlorine. Now, why do we care? Why do we care? Okay, this is a question on the exam, okay? I'm going to say something like, give three,
01:05:42
or I don't know what I say, something like, discuss briefly in like one or two sentences, the impact of reducing stratospheric ozone, okay? That means less ozone, more ultraviolet radiation. Less ozone, more ultraviolet hits the earth.
01:06:03
What does that do? It causes skin cancer, it kills plankton, it's bad for plants, all kinds of bad things. You'll have to say like three things. So, skin cancer, plankton, cataracts, plants, okay,
01:06:26
that's four, I'll only ask three. So, you say those things, you get all the points, okay? And, in every exam, it'll be the last page. So, if you do know this, I would suggest going
01:06:41
to the last page first on the exam. It's easy points. Okay, a few biology majors, it's more like this. A photon comes in, sees some DNA, and breaks it apart, and then it might, the DNA might reform in kind of a weird, because these are intermolecular forces there, so it gets, it's kind of a weird thing, and it might not go back in the exact same form,
01:07:01
and then you've got a mutation. So, what you hope is that the, when this happens, that the cell just dies, okay? Guy like Aaron here, stand up, Aaron. Aaron's a TA here. A guy like Aaron's got billions of cells. He's a big guy, okay, more than I got, all right? Now, Aaron and I can afford to lose a couple cells, okay?
01:07:24
If this happens to us, we want those cells dead, right, Aaron? But, if you're a plankton, you only have one cell. Ooh, yeah, and plankton give a lot of oxygen off. They're like the building blocks of the ocean, so you kill off the plankton, ecosystems change.
01:07:43
So, make sure you write plankton down on that list of things. Okay, so I got about ten minutes. Okay, so everything you need to know in the exam, we've talked about, okay?
01:08:02
Last night, I had a kid come up afterwards, and he goes, well, what about those other reactions you showed? From now on, this is just so you're educated, okay? What a concept. So, there's an ozone hole. That's what this young lady was talking about,
01:08:21
an ozone hole that we never predicted. Sherry Morrow didn't think about it. We were at a meeting in 1984 where it was like, I was not, I was a nobody, but I was invited because of Sherry, and it was like a who's who of ozone stuff. And, we had no idea what was going to happen in a year.
01:08:41
But, a year later, this paper came out that showed that the October ozone averages, Dobson units at somewhere in Antarctica, were just going in the tank. And so, what I'm going to talk about in the next few minutes, is just why it's in the south, and so on. Okay, I want you to just listen. You want to write it down, fine.
01:09:01
But, this is more just to fill you in. So, it turns out that when this ozone hole was observed, we didn't know where it was, okay? We knew what it was above, but we didn't know where in the atmosphere it was happening, okay?
01:09:20
So, all we knew was that between the sun and the detectors, that there was less ozone than there used to be. But, we had no idea whether it was here, here, or here. So, a lot of interesting and fun science. And so, one way to try and figure out where it was in the atmosphere is to use balloons, okay?
01:09:42
So, that's a balloon. The payload is right there, okay? This is yours truly. At the south pole, okay, few people ever get to the south pole, especially all expenses paid. And, this is the payload. This is the ozone sonde. Go out and launch this thing. It goes up, and it will radio back what the ozone levels are
01:10:05
as it goes up in the atmosphere. And, that's how we found out in the 80s what the ozone hole, or where the ozone was missing. And, look at this. This is an ozone sonde. The Blue Rock is the end of August,
01:10:21
and this is what the ozone layer is supposed to look like. Getting bigger at about 15, 20 kilometers. And, then look what happened in October, okay? Huge bite. So, now we knew where it was happening, okay, because there were some people who said it was dynamics. It was stuff blowing in, that we had changed the atmosphere somehow.
01:10:41
And so, really, it was just air was coming in from somewhere else, or was going up, because tropospheric air has much less ozone in it. So, if there was just some upwelling. So, we didn't know. This is very exciting to see this. It was a very exciting time in atmospheric sciences. We flew through it with the ER2, all right?
01:11:02
So, this is the smoking gun. Well, this is where CLO goes up. And, once again, you know CLO. CLO plus O goes to CL plus O2. That CL then jumps back there and does that catalytic cycling, okay? So, as the CLO went up, ozone went down. And, this was very important for legislation, huge,
01:11:22
for Jim Anderson and all. That was their ER2 study. Okay, so this, this is the inlet. So, this is an airplane that both Josette, did you, okay, and Aaron have been on. And, this is our little inlet. We have sample canisters inside.
01:11:41
We fill the canisters. We got a pump and stuff inside. We've got 168 cans that are in there that we fill at different altitudes. And, it tells us, we can then bring them back to the laboratory and analyze them and learn a lot about once again the type of chemistry that is occurring or that can occur. So, this is what the ozone hole has looked like over time.
01:12:02
This is the NASA satellite data from 79 and 89 and 2006 and 2010. And, what we can see is, is that 40 years ago or so, there wasn't a whole lot of, as it gets more purpley, that's lower ozone. So, clearly, we've seen huge changes in the level of ozone.
01:12:20
Now, the good news is, is that it's slowly, ever so slowly getting better, okay. Now, this is the confusing part last night is that these are polar stratospheric clouds, okay. A few people have ever seen them, okay, because that means that they're clouds that are like way high. They're not like cirrus, which are high up. They're like super cirrus, okay.
01:12:41
So, they're very high up, and there's a certain kind of chemistry that occurs on those clouds. Don't worry about it, but clouds form when it's cold. It's colder at the south pole than it is above the north pole by about 10 degrees. So, because of that, you have more clouds. There are very few polar stratospheric clouds
01:13:01
above the north pole, but this was a common occurrence at the south pole. So, there's chemistry that would take place on the particle that was freeing up chlorine that then when the sun came up, destroyed ozone. That's all I'm going to say. That's what's happening here. Don't worry about it. Confuse people, but that's why.
01:13:21
It's colder at the south pole. Therefore, you have more polar stratospheric clouds, more surface area by which you can have chemistry occur, okay. The result of this was that in 1987, the Montreal Protocol was signed by 46 countries, and now it's been ratified by 197.
01:13:41
Okay. It says we're going to stop using these gases that destroy stratospheric ozone, and this is the good news is that these gases, many of them are decreasing in concentration. Some are going up because they're replacements for these, but they're less bad, okay. So, this one going up destroys ozone, but like at a tenth of the rate that it, for the gas it would place.
01:14:00
So, this is very exciting. This is a picture I took all the way to the south pole. I thought it was just pretty cool. This is me at the south pole. Of course, it could be Josette, you know. It was so cold, 65 below. It was so cold because this is how far I had to go to get warm, and it was too far. You know, you're at like 12,000 feet.
01:14:22
You can't run with all these clothes you got on, and it was just too scary. Anyway, okay, we'll talk about that later. So, on October 6th, 1995, Sherry Rowland got a call saying that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry. So, at 2 o'clock, the group had a little group party,
01:14:41
and this is Sherry's wife, Joanne. This is my daughter who's now 21, and my wife and my two boys, it was an incredible day. I cannot explain to any of you the happiness and the joy of that day.
01:15:01
I cried when I listened to the voicemail that Sherry left me at 6 that morning, go down the lights blink, and it's, good morning, Dawn, this is Sherry Rowland. You might want to listen to the news. I got a call from Stockholm. That's all he said. I saved it.
01:15:20
Anyway, I stood there and I cried. My kids were like, why is dad, you know, crying, you know? It was just, you know, because he was my friend, he was my colleague and all, and then I was invited to the Nobel. He could bring 10 people, his kids, their spouses, Sherry's brother and wife at 6, Ralph and Carol Cicerone, and my wife and me. So, to actually sit there in the stands and watch your advice
01:15:44
and get the Nobel Prize is an unbelievable experience, and this is the dinner afterwards. Yeah, and that's my wife right there. Sherry is by the king, or by the queen, so there's Sherry right there next to the queen, and then his wife was next to the king.
01:16:04
It was an incredible experience. So, this is a, okay, hold on, give me one minute. This is, now it's like memory lane. This is my favorite lab picture with Sherry. Look, no gray hair for me, no beard. And, life was good.
01:16:20
This then was a couple years later. Sherry was starting to fail, and I was happy because I was in about 27 days, no, 17 days. I was no longer going to be the chairman of the department. So, that was a happy day for me. Plus, this guy right here was the older boy in that picture you saw
01:16:41
of my family, who finally got his act together. I kind of like that, but worse. It's true, and, but he graduated number one in the chemistry department. He's now a third year grad student at Stanford. So, he worked hard to, oh, oh, oh, oh. This is the last picture of Sherry. Sherry died on March 10th last year.
01:17:05
There is a building named after him. You owe it to yourselves to go in that building. There's a very nice exhibit at the beginning of the building you should look at, and here's the assignment. Now, look, 11 years ago, my dad died on Good Friday, okay.
01:17:28
Fell, hit his head, and died. But, I talked to him the night before when he was at the hospital with his identical twin brother who was dying of cancer. And, I remember that Thursday night, when I spoke to my father,
01:17:41
I said, I love you, Dad. And, he says, I love you, too, son. Little did I know that that was going to be the last time I ever spoke to my dad. Ten years later, Sherry Rolle was in the hospital, and I went to see him. That was the last time I saw him. It would have been on about the first of March. And, I went to see him, and when I went to say goodbye,
01:18:03
I went over, and I gave him a hug, and I kissed him on the forehead, okay. I never saw him again. Neither Sherry nor my father died wondering how Don Blake felt about them, okay. So, after my dad passed away, I was supposed to, he died on Friday, I tried to teach on Monday.
01:18:22
And, I came, I was very emotional, and I told the class, I said, look, you know, it gives me some comfort to know that my dad, you know, knew. And so, I told the students, I said, you need to do this. And so, they all kind of like were half laughing, half thinking this is kind of silly. But, you know, every year that I've done that since,
01:18:41
now it's been 11 years, students will email me back saying, you know, I did call my parents, and I told them, you know, thank you for the hard work and all this stuff. And, they appreciated it. Now, I got nobody emailing me from last night's class yet. So, this might be the last year I asked you to do this, okay, but I really like you to do that. Okay, see you on Thursday.