The five stages of corporate open source adoption
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FOSS Backstage 202214 / 39
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Transcript: English(auto-generated)
00:04
Yeah, good afternoon Welcome to the talk. I will talk about how corporations adopt open source and This is usually not happening all at once, but it's happening in stages. It's a progression and what I want to do in this Presentation is to develop a mental model how you can understand how this progression happens
00:25
this is useful because For companies, it's always a question to figure out what to do to adapt Adopt open source how to deal with it So it's useful as a guidance for companies what to do but it's also helpful for communities to understand where companies are because that also can
00:45
Help sometimes to explain why some things work and some things might not work when Interacting the interaction between communities and companies is happening So when we start I think the question if a company is doing open source is
01:01
Usually not a question anymore. It's clear you have to do it Otherwise you probably are not in the software business. But then the question is how do you do that? And This question is not so easy to answer because there are a lot of different aspects You have to figure out and you have to think about legal questions. You have to think about technical questions
01:23
You have to think about business questions. You have to think about your internal culture community culture interaction Between the two and everything and this is hard You could actually say open source today is literally rocket science. So this is the mass helicopter
01:40
this is flying on Mars and it's running on an open source stack and One number actually is in this context. I think interesting and significant the software which is running in this helicopter was written by 12,000 people and These are not 12,000 people employed by a software company at NASA and working on the helicopter
02:01
But this is open source contributors all over the world, which projects are used in this software stack So you have to deal with this dimension and these questions which arise from that So now as a company you might asked what do I have to do to get to this point where I achieve success
02:20
With open source and happiness and profit. How do we get there? and There are a couple of answers which I would briefly describe before I come to a more thorough description of the different elements There's a bit of prior art Maturity models which describe how open source adoption is happening and I will touch these and
02:45
Explain a little bit what they are doing So the first model I know that that's from Peter Capone 2006 so already quite some time ago He was working as a CTO for not at that time And what he was doing is he was looking into different open source companies doing research and understanding. What are the different?
03:06
factors how open source companies operate and he found these five categories plotted over to accesses and What I found very interesting is that? The the two terms he came up with at the top end where the companies were using open source most thoroughly
03:24
Where that there's value co-creation happening and value appropriation So this is really not something technical but it's about creating value and how how to get value from open source When we look at another model a couple of years later 2011 color moist came up with that working for Sony mobile
03:46
This looks very similar and it's all these models are inspired. Actually, it's it's not distinct Research, but it's of course kind of a community development which is happening there and he's also describing this with in these
04:01
five steps the access effort the other accesses value and What is interesting in this model is that there are these two? Areas which he calls the engineering driven area and the business driven area So this is something which is kind of the involvement of the first model where you say, okay
04:20
The motivation changes over time the the more proficient you become with open source the more business driven your engagement will be and you also define five key performance areas to describe these levels More detailed and then you can look into the different elements. What is happening on which level a
04:42
Model which is used this is from some Documents material from Ibrahim hadat was working for the for the Linux foundation here is actually using this Maturity model also in his publications quite a bit and I picked out one
05:01
Diagram there, which I think is interesting because this also has this kind of levels that you have this Increasing involvement and effort on and you advance on these stages And he identifies certain activities which are happening there. So on the consumer level you are with evaluating using
05:21
deploying that's key actions into activities you need to do that and later you'd get into for example starting new initiatives when when you go to the to the leader level and Very recent publication just a few weeks ago is the evolution of the open source program offers from the to-do group
05:42
Which is the subgroup of the Linux Foundation? this looks at the same development from the perspective of open source program offices or the Parts of the organization which are dealing with open source and you can see again similar levels And this goes a little bit deeper here in terms of actually what what kind of area you have to
06:05
Cover so a big thing for example is the legal education Which needs to happen when you want to use open source responsibly you have to understand the legal implications and have to Yeah, find ways how to do that. So this is the look from the OSPO level and the last
06:24
Yeah model I want to show here this is the good governance initiative This also is something pretty new from last year. This is a publication from the OSPO Alliance it's explicitly not a maturity model, but a management framework and
06:40
They have modelled the key activities which you need to do when managing open source in five levels which are Associated with this muscle of hierarchy of needs so you can say you come from usage trust culture engagement strategy That's the categories where there is a very detailed description of
07:01
What you need to do in this areas if you want to responsibly manage open source And we will come to that a little bit later Talking about how this all maps together So I took this kind of as
07:22
The source of my research to put together my mental model of how I see companies interacting with open source and how this progresses and Would like to describe this in these five stages deny use participate contribute lead and I will show you more details about what I see in these stages and
07:43
the the perspective I want to take here is not not as an assessment of where a company is but more like like a Communication framework how to talk about the different activities you need to do on the different levels you can understand what is happening and also when and what you might want to do and what you
08:00
Maybe also might not want to do if you are not at the level where this is necessary So the first stage deny We have heard that in the past quite a bit open source can't work There will never be an operating system, which is as stable as a proprietary operating system. We know that this is not true
08:21
What you still hear nowadays quite often as we don't use open source For example to put some data behind that this is a representative study done by Bitcoin on the German company companies 71% say they use open source and 26% think they don't so they say we don't use open source. I think we all know that this can't be true
08:49
So, but once you realize that you use open source Then you have to start dealing with this and This is the first stage where you use open source where you passively consume open source
09:00
so you use it in your infrastructure use it for development and this often is a driven by engineers who start to just use some projects in the infrastructure and From there you develop all the necessary infrastructure and tools and legal
09:20
Tooling and so on to to actually do that and this is something which happens because Using open source software is easy and fast. You can just use it the license allows that you don't have to negotiate You don't have to pay pay pay license fees So this is very fast from a technical point of view then at the next stage you realize that there actually is the
09:44
Opportunity to interact with the community and that this is valuable So if you use open source software, you can actually also talk to the developers You can create bug reports. You can interact with the community and this is good for a company because That's that's a way how to make your usage of open source more safe because you maybe can say something about
10:05
the stability of the community what to expect and so on you can maybe influence a little bit with input and conversations so you learn from that and you get to interact but on a level which is Relatively easy for company because the company doesn't have to give anything away
10:24
that Happens on the third stage contribute. This is when active participation in open source projects is becoming Part of what a company is doing. So when there's not only this Interaction between people but when you actually contribute code and you have a way how to make this legally fine and
10:45
compliant with your own processes that you are able to contribute code to open source communities and The important realization on this stage is that the way how you influence open source projects is by contributions There's no other way you can give money to open source projects
11:03
But the only real way how to shape open source projects is to put in work That's that's how it works. So in at this stage companies can actually shape the software they are using by becoming part of this contributor community
11:21
And on the fourth stage the stage where you lead This is becoming more global and open source becomes part of your strategy and your strategic Yeah way how you deal with open source ecosystems, but you also use open source as a tool to advance your business it becomes part of your Core business and this is where this appropriation of co created value is happening
11:44
So you realize that there's a lot of value in open source more than you can ever ever create yourself and you make use of that and This is one area where this is key is the digital transformation So when you have to deal with so much software that it's impossible for you to develop that yourself to manage that all yourself
12:03
the the only answer to that is Leveraging open source in the right way to be able to meet the demands of what what you need to do there One example for for the strategic use of open source is Android Of course, you can maybe debate about if you think the development model is open enough or not
12:24
but what is clear is that Google was able with Android to to shape an industry and completely change the game there by making it Very very easy to use Android and making it open source removing some barriers there and
12:40
By not being as protective actually being more successful One nice illustration of that is that actually the logo itself is also on an open source like it's licensed or creative commons So I could make it blue So these are the five stages and
13:02
What I now want to talk about is If we look at that as a progression So one way to look at it is if I'm a company and I I'm at a certain stage What do I need to do to get to the next stage to? Get more value from the open source ecosystem or my engagement and
13:21
From that I want to look at the activities which take place at these stages I can see okay, that's where we are. And that's what we need to do to get to the next level So, how do we get there we skip the deny stage and start with the you stage so on this stage what what you are doing is
13:43
You have to basically get the basics right so this is about learning about open source you have to Come up with an initial strategy, which can be something simple like We use open source as development tools But we are not doing any product development with open source or contribute so a technical strategy which makes life of developers easier
14:06
You will have to create some kind of policy how to deal with that you will have to Train people in Awareness of open source so that they know, okay Not everything I can download from the internet is actually open source and free to use you have to inventory your usage
14:22
So you can actually do the legal compliance work and so on so you can make sure you have The rights you need to deal with questions like security and support How do I do that when I'm using open source, which is can be the same Also can be very different from Proprietary software and you might establish an internal central point of contact
14:44
So kind of the prototype of an open source program offers so in our case in my company And that's mighty to my title at the assistive where work is the title of open source Stuart, so you have A central point of contact for dealing with these questions, but more internally faces and not yet outward face
15:10
So on the next stage you come to participation in communities so there are Activities where you have this kind of informal interaction. So you need to know your developers need to know
15:24
Okay, what can I do when I'm talking to projects? Opening back reports, for example you will also Identify what are actually the important projects for me? So where do I want to talk to what where where do you want to put some more effort into?
15:42
On this level also companies start to realize. Okay, we can actually with monetary support like Buying support contracts or becoming a member of a foundation. I can actually support the open source communities, which are important for me and To manage this you will need People who are able to do that and to kind of also be the face of the company in terms of
16:06
Open source and that's where the open source program office of this is the right thing to do Events in open source open source events participation is another thing so people will show up at events like this maybe not as the sponsors but as participants and they will start to talk to the community and
16:25
This also often leads to a way that a culture change Has to happen because it's a different way to deal with an open source community than to deal with internal company development, so this is where Something like inner source or trying open source culture in the safe environment of your own company is happening
16:47
So one illustration of that is the the OSPO landscape where you see the companies who already have open source program offices. This is a Service by the to-do group as well. You can see where this is going
17:00
Then contributing This is one step where it actually becomes a little more difficult for companies because they have to figure out how to actually do contributions So how can as a company I can make sure that I give My developers the rights to do that and the means to do that. So you will come up with a contribution policy
17:20
You will have to make sure contributors know how to do that This will become will Be something where you invest resources, so you need to integrate it with your business strategy And this can also be something where it plays a role in recruiting Because when you can attract people who want to do open source in your company
17:41
you will get other people if then if you can't provide that and This age of course external partnerships also become more important because you're actually providing Yeah more work to that One example by the way is the DB systole open source contribution policy. So I'm working for DB systole, which is the IT
18:01
subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn the German railway company and We have published our open source contribution policy there on github as one way how to do that There are certainly many other ways how to do that But this is an example how we figured out how to do open source in our company
18:22
Now the lead stage There you will expand your memberships maybe become more strategic not only become part of a foundation But influence the direction of a foundation we can put in more people You might do things like open sourcing proprietary code and put up your own projects
18:41
You might even want to move to an upstream first model or where your products are developed in the open and you will have to Accept the fact that you have to give more autonomy to your contributors who are working on companies behalf But in a open source community people are usually working on eye level and it doesn't matter so much
19:03
Where you are coming from and this takes courage? And this also is the maybe the the place where you will start your own open source events I think that's a pretty typical activity for a company which realizes that you already have reached some level of maturity
19:20
So these are typical activities I want to Put in a couple of brief thoughts at the end here About how to use that one is that the reality is actually not that straightforward So you will skip a step you will move back or maybe different parts of the company on a different speed or two different levels
19:44
And that's okay It's not a model which has to fit for everything But sometimes it actually can explain why skipping a step might cause problems The other question is where are we actually on this this arrow how mature are we and
20:02
Again from from the study from the Bitcoin I interpreted the number a little bit but you can tell from this that actually the majority of companies still is on this use level and Especially for companies who are not big software companies selling software, but using software as a means to an end I think that's actually also quite okay to to be there and
20:25
Coming back to the good governance initiative This is a rich resource of activities So what I was trying to do is to come up with some kind of heat map how to Map what of these activities actually relevant at what stage so if I'm a company who are just struggling to start using open-source software
20:42
Then I will probably not deal with things like putting all my enterprise IT on open-source software But I will first try some some different things so this is a rough mapping here of the different area of the good governance initiative and actually would be interested in more discussions about That and to see how this can be mapped how we can make it more
21:02
practical in in the use of this framework To make progress when you want to mature in terms of open source usage and contributions And This is just a rough estimate There you can certainly debate this heat and heat map to a large degree and last thing I want to say here
21:28
I've talked about how companies advance on this Adoption of open source in a company, but this also something which is personal if you look at individual Contributors if you have a people developers, and that's a similar path coming from a user
21:46
becoming a contributor Accepted as a committer in a project Maybe becoming the maintainer So this is a very similar path and this will will be reflected also in in the in the company path So if you if you have people who are maintaining open source projects
22:02
You are actually able to work in the strategic way and the other way around if your company is positioned to work in the strategic Way, you will attract people on this level as well So this also is a nice personal development path which in some companies which have formal career paths actually might be a nice thing to introduce
22:23
Yeah, so This is the model. I wanted to present. I'm very happy about questions about discussions about that, so please contact me at any time and Just one last remark this is a
22:40
This is a path Of open source adoption in companies but I think we also have to note that this is also a path of openness of courage of truthful collaboration and These are all things which I think are more important than ever
23:02
Thank you. Okay So do we have any questions? Yeah Hi, Cornelia Hi, Cornelia, thanks for this great talk
23:22
In which stage do you think is Deutsche Bahn in currently I mean Deutsche Bahn is a large Organization globally many entities and so on So where would you describe your position currently and is it all over or is it just for particular parts? I? Think in general I would say we are at the use stage. We are using a lot of open source software We started to contribute and participate in some areas
23:45
So it's I think a little bit mixed Deutsche Bahn is a complex company, and I think this is an example where actually you have different stages in different parts of the company But in general I would say we are with the majority and trying our best to advance
24:04
Hi, thank you love getting the call out to the GGI the good government. It's initiative I love a lot of the work that they're doing This is actually less of a question and more of a hey something cool At IEEE we're working on a study group for doing a standard in regards to open source
24:20
software project governance and so a call out to everyone is to please come and help participate because like GGI is one of the groups that we've invited that's participating as well as Linux Foundation and Eclipse Oasis all those different ones because I feel like one of the big things on that maturity level is
24:42
Understanding how to do the governance and how to do it well Especially on if you wanted if you could talk a little bit more on that leadership portion because I think you know sometimes with Appropriation you get that negative connotation of it as well, so could you expand on that for me? Yeah, I think governance of course is a very important topic, and I think it shifts on this path
25:04
So at the beginning you will just be subject to the governance of the open source projects But then later you would shape governance also of projects as a company, and I think that's also very important for a company to Know how to set up good I would say open governance to make sure that open source projects can actually live up to the expectations and that
25:25
Yeah, they are useful to companies They're useful to the community that there's a healthy ecosystem around that you can rely on them governance Definitely is I think an important part where especially Companies would which go to this contribute stage have to think hard about how to do that so any resources and guides about that
25:43
I think are very much appreciated So because we're running a bit late after the break we take one more question maybe Yeah Two things first. Thank you very much for the Deutsche Bahn app because I was using the Deutsche Bahn app
26:04
And it has a very nice license statement in it I got five people including C-level in my company to understand what compliance is based on that license statement That was so amazing I mean I wouldn't have thought that I get the chance, but I have really most effective
26:22
Other case because I was thinking for like Polycom Deutsche Bahn app did it The other case is in terms of upstream First what I would normally understand is like get rid of your bug fixes and your local forks and push the stuff up upstream How well did that work with Deutsche Bahn so far?
26:43
So I think that's exactly one of these areas where you have to learn how to do it It's very easy to do a bug fix locally, but then getting into the outside or something you have to learn I have to say For us we are really mostly consumers
27:00
So we are not maintaining massive internal forks of open-source software at least as far as I can tell So this is something which is I would say on our learning path to be I Think it's a barrier where you really have to first realize that this is possible and also that this is it's valuable to do
27:21
That and this needs learning To get there