Social Acceptance of Airborne Wind Energy
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| Anzahl der Teile | 19 | |
| Autor | 0000-0002-2458-9329 (ORCID) | |
| Mitwirkende | 0000-0003-2021-5191 (ORCID) 0000-0002-0109-6484 (ORCID) 0000-0002-7640-5253 (ORCID) 0000-0001-5803-3073 (ORCID) 0000-0002-4112-841X (ORCID) | |
| Lizenz | CC-Namensnennung 4.0 International: Sie dürfen das Werk bzw. den Inhalt zu jedem legalen Zweck nutzen, verändern und in unveränderter oder veränderter Form vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich zugänglich machen, sofern Sie den Namen des Autors/Rechteinhabers in der von ihm festgelegten Weise nennen. | |
| Identifikatoren | 10.5446/60476 (DOI) | |
| Herausgeber | 0000 0001 2097 4740 (ISNI) | |
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| Produzent | 0000-0002-4112-841X (ORCID) | |
| Produktionsjahr | 2022 | |
| Produktionsort | Milano, Italy |
Inhaltliche Metadaten
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11:51
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Transkript: Englisch(automatisch erzeugt)
00:00
So Helena is going to be talking about the social acceptance of wind, which is a topic I'm interested in. So I'll let you have the mic. All right. Yeah, thank you for announcing me. My name is Helena Schmitz. I'm a PhD candidate at Delft University of Technology. And I am researching the social acceptance specifically
00:22
for airborne wind energy. Before we get started, I'm actually curious, who of you here likes airborne wind energy? Please raise your hand. Now have a look around. What do you see? Lots of enthusiasts here.
00:40
Well, whether the field likes it is one thing. But if the public likes it, that's like a whole other thing. And I've noticed that there is a tendency in the field to project their optimistic views on the technology up on the public. This is also what my supervisors and me
01:02
found in a recent literature review that we did on the airborne wind energy literature. We came across a lot of very optimistic statements, such as airborne wind energy is basically invisible. It's quiet. The public must love it.
01:20
It's so much better than wind turbines. But has anyone ever asked the public, I wonder? Well, according to those papers, no one did. There is no empirical evidence to back this up. Well, I recently did ask the public what they think of airborne wind energy, together with colleagues from the medical school.
01:44
Sometimes it breaks up. And we recruited participants living around the sky cells power test sites in northern Germany. Specifically, we tried to contact everyone living
02:01
within a two and a half kilometer radius from the site using letters and phone calls and also leaflets. We also used additional recruitment methods to get to the people living up to five kilometer from the site. And what's important here is that in that region,
02:22
there are a lot of conventional wind farms as well. There are solar parks there and also a lot of biogas plants. And the reason I mention it is that this probably has implications for the findings of the study and should also be kept in mind when looking at the results.
02:42
So what we did is we interviewed people in person using a questionnaire. And the interviews lasted between 50 and 90 minutes each, so pretty intense. We ended up with 55 participants
03:02
who ranged in age from 34 through 85 years. And we had almost as many women as men in the study. And the sample was rather well educated. On average, the participants lived around two kilometers
03:20
from the airborne wind energy test site. And the majority only found about the test site once it had already started operating. To control for self-selection bias, we also did a very short phone interview with participants, not participants, but locals that were not interested
03:41
in participating in the full study. And what we found is that their attitude towards the local airborne wind energy test site was not significantly different from the average attitude in our sample.
04:00
I'm going fast here. So we looked at a lot of different factors in our research, but due to time constraints, I'm only gonna highlight a couple of things, beginning with this word cloud. So at the start of each interview, we asked people, what do you associate with the AOS here?
04:23
And as you can see, the associations were mainly positive. A lot of people said that they found it interesting, not disturbing, pleasant, and positive. And there were a few more negative comments, such as it's noisy or it's restless
04:42
and it creates howling sounds. Overall, the impressions were rather positive. We quantitatively measured participants' attitudes towards local renewable energy plants, as well as the same type of
05:00
renewable energy plants in general. And what we found is that participants' attitude towards airborne wind energy systems was similar to their attitudes towards solar parks and wind farms. So there's no significant difference here between those three, you still hear me?
05:23
Yeah, these three types of technology, both on the local level, as well as in general. Only biogas plants were evaluated much more negatively, both locally and in general, but that's a very common finding and not surprising because biogas plants
05:41
are often discussed very controversially. We also measured participants' perception of noise from the airborne wind energy site, as well as the wind farm closest to their house.
06:00
What you can see in the first row here is that more people perceived sound from the closest wind farm than from the AOS. However, of those people who could perceive sounds, more people were annoyed by the sound coming from the AOS than by the wind turbine noise.
06:23
And the intensity of annoyance was also stronger for the sound from the AOS. We also found that people who lived closer to the airborne wind energy site tended to experience stronger noise annoyance.
06:43
However, I want to point out two limitations to these findings. First of all, there might have been self-selection bias here because the study was advertised as a study on airborne wind energy and not as a study on wind farms. So we might have oversampled people that are annoyed by the AOS
07:01
and undersampled people that are annoyed by the local wind farms. And the second limitation is that we only ask people to self-report their annoyance level, but we measure stress and that's actually very important to do because when you only ask for a generic assessment
07:22
of the impact noise, you don't actually measure the experienced stress level. So if you want to find out how impacted people really are by the noise coming from the AOS, you should also go deeper, like here, okay.
07:42
Really notice it was a mic, okay, like this. Okay, so in future studies, stress symptoms should also be measured in response to noise from an AOS. Then we also ask people about
08:02
how they perceive the AOS and the closest wind farm visually. And first of all, the AOS was seen less often than the closest wind farm, which makes sense because on average, participants lived further away from AOS than from the wind farm.
08:22
And also, fewer people could actually see the AOS from their home compared to the wind farm and those who could see it mainly only see the kite, which means that when the kite is not operating, they don't see it at all and the kite is not operating every day, but the wind farm obviously is always there.
08:41
Nevertheless, what's interesting is that the AOS was rated as impacting the landscape significantly less and also is looking less industrial than the wind farm. And the people that rated the landscape impacts of the AOS less negatively also tended to have a more positive attitude overall
09:00
towards their local AOS. Again, there are two limitations that I want to point out here. As I said before, people were less exposed visually to the AOS than to the wind farm, which might have also impacted their evaluation of landscape impacts.
09:20
And secondly, there might have been a cumulative impact of wind turbines because in the region, there are on average 10 wind turbines in one wind farm, but there's only one airborne wind energy. And it might also have been difficult for to isolate the landscape impacts
09:42
of the closest wind farm from the overall picture because there are a lot of wind farms there. That should be kept in mind when looking at the findings. So in summary, the overall attitude towards airborne wind energy was quite positive
10:02
and comparable to participants attitude towards solar and conventional wind energy. The better integration into the landscape might be an advantage for airborne wind energy over wind turbines, but we need to see how people perceive it once there are more airborne
10:21
wind energy systems deployed in the same region and maybe even in the same spot. Noise annoyance could be a critical factor for the acceptance of airborne wind energy. And we simply need more research to understand better how people perceive the noise coming from an airborne wind energy system, what explains their annoyance,
10:40
and also what mitigation measures could be effective. Finally, I want to emphasize that an early and continuous public engagement is essential, even for test sites, because what became clear in the interviews is that a lot of people felt like they haven't been informed enough and they would have wanted more information.
11:02
And we also noticed that when the developers were rated as more open and more transparent, people tended to have a more positive attitude towards the AWS. And in case of future commercial deployment, people also stressed that they would value
11:20
an exchange with the developers and also financial participation. Like one participant, for example, said, suddenly the thing just stood there, so a lot of people were really surprised by the AWS just appearing. And we all know from previous research that a fair planning process, an open planning process, and also the availability of community benefits
11:43
is very important to the acceptance of local renewable energy plants. Thank you, and I'm looking forward to questions if we have some time. We have a coffee break now,
12:05
but I think it's fine if somebody would like to ask Helen a question, so yeah. Yes. I have two questions. I have two questions. One question is about have you asked people with regard to whether they like to have urban wind energy or conventional wind,
12:21
so do we have made a study, because I heard that very often that argument, people would prefer urban wind against conventional wind if they have the choice, and here we have a different peer group, I guess. And the other question is what noise exactly was it? Was it the noise from the flying kite, or was it the noise from the wind from this tether wheel?
12:41
Yeah, these are the two questions. Yeah, so regarding your first question, we didn't directly measure if people would prefer a wind farm in the future over an airborne wind energy system for different reasons. First of all, the area's already packed with wind farms. People actually find it quite difficult to imagine more wind turbines there.
13:04
And also, we did ask people how they would feel about having an airborne wind energy park in the area, consisting of up to 10, yeah, maximum of 10 systems. And I think if I recall correctly, people were neutral towards somewhat positive about it.
13:25
But what kept coming up is that people kept saying, I like the technology, but I can only picture it working here if it's more effective than conventional wind energy, because we already have good experience with wind turbines, and we know they function, and we know they work.
13:42
So airborne wind energy only if it's more effective. That's what I like hearing a lot in the interviews. Then your second question. Well, we haven't dug deeper into the whole noise annoyance thing yet, because this is the first ever field study. So we also needed to find out what factors are even important before we can look further.
14:01
But what a lot of people report is is that they hear this howling sound, and from what I understand, it has more to do with the bridle lines and the tether and less with the kite. I mean, some people also hear the fluttering of the kite, but it's a very different type of noise. And the people, yeah, the closest person lived like 1,080 meters,
14:22
but I think the kite is probably a bit closer. I'm looking at Patrick, you guys are here? A bit closer to the garden than the coordinates that I had for the ground station, right? Sorry, 300 meters, yeah.
14:43
Okay, all right.
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