STRIATUS - 3D concrete printed masonry bridge
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| Anzahl der Teile | 12 | |
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| Lizenz | CC-Namensnennung 3.0 Deutschland: Sie dürfen das Werk bzw. den Inhalt zu jedem legalen Zweck nutzen, verändern und in unveränderter oder veränderter Form vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich zugänglich machen, sofern Sie den Namen des Autors/Rechteinhabers in der von ihm festgelegten Weise nennen. | |
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Transkript: Englisch(automatisch erzeugt)
00:00
Good morning, everyone. So it is a pleasure indeed to be able to share some of our latest work, specifically. Oscar asked me to present a striatus and 3D concrete-printed masonry bridge that we just finished and is still on view at the Venice Biennale.
00:26
So this is what we're talking about. You're looking basically at an unreinforced concrete 3D-printed masonry bridge. So all the elements are concrete-printed and assembled without glue connection and so on.
00:43
So the typical stuff that we do. But I thought maybe to set the stage or to clarify what's and then to dive in afterwards. I thought perhaps I can start with the summary video and we can then afterwards dive in and I give you some insights and some details on the bridge.
01:03
So for me, this was this project. I typically don't necessarily do 3D printing or concrete 3D printing. But one of our Ph.D. researchers, Shah J. Bhushan, who is the head of the computation design group as I did architects,
01:24
is finishing his Ph.D. on structurally informed fabrication-aware 3D printing strategies with concrete as an obvious target. And so I saw this project as an opportunity to make a statement and to provoke the concrete 3D printing community
01:48
in their search and their fight against and with reinforcement. And to maybe show a path, an extreme path that interprets concrete 3D
02:04
printing in a different way so that the elements can be used directly structurally and so without the struggle of having to embed reinforcements. So maybe proposing a new or complementary or an additional language that could be worth investigation and considering for concrete 3D printing.
02:34
So just to be clear is that even though I presented this was, in fact, a quite intense and beautiful collaboration between four partners.
02:42
So our research group, the block research group at ETH Zurich, then the computational design group as I did architects, as I said, led by Shah J. Bhushan. So this is a very interesting collaboration for me because I am collaborating with someone that also is my Ph.D. student.
03:00
So I can boss around my collaborators. This is, of course, a joke. But then the amazingly controlled 3D printing was done by the spinoff at Innsbruck Incremental 3D and then General Financial and other support, but then also the development of the specific two component ink, concrete ink, was then done by Holtsim.
03:26
So maybe to frame where we are coming from is that this fits also in a larger set of demonstrations where I want to clarify that we can get strength through geometry and not through adding materials or high strength materials or reinforcing and end to end.
03:43
But the reason that I want to also show this here in the context of unreinforced concrete 3D printing is because I consider, of course, in a simplistic way, unreinforced concrete as a natural stone, a hybrid stone that basically, or a composite stone that is.
04:04
So basically the geometries that work well and that kept these beautiful stone structures stable and safe for the last centuries is perhaps a relevant geometry and logic, also constructional logic to look at for unreinforced concrete.
04:22
So I just wanted to frame also that this is not the first time that we try to demonstrate the power of strength through geometry. So here in 2016 at the Venice Biennale, we made this stone structure that is assembled without any glue and just held together in compression.
04:40
So already showing that you can indeed activate humble, simple materials and you can dry assemble them, which I will talk about the outlooks and the importance of that. But we also use strength through geometry to kind of activate extremely weak material. Like, for example, the styles of only two megapascals in compression and zero megapascals in bending.
05:05
If placed where the forces want to go in compression, then you see that these weak materials can become structural as well. But on top of that, by introducing geometry and by not trying to force a material to act how it doesn't want to act, so concrete doesn't want to be in tension.
05:22
If you reintroduce these kind of core principles, then, for example, for these floor plates, you save 70% of concrete and 90% of steel. So that is the framing. That's the background. That is why I wanted to now make this in a very visible, very sexy, very kind of big collaboration with the architects.
05:42
And show what the potential really is beyond the things that we already had shown. And in a field that is very popular, many people are researching. And I hope that I can trigger maybe a direction of research that can start to take some of the hints that we show in this project.
06:02
So indeed, we designed the bridge as an unreinforced masonry bridge in a very traditional way, using also masonry design and assessment techniques. But specifically, we wanted to make sure, in order to use these elements where you have a weakness, of course, in the planes of the layers,
06:25
that we would use this non-uniform or non-parallel printing to align to print paths such that they are both globally and locally aligned to the force flow. But then, of course, also celebrating the opportunities of concrete 3D printing to then optimize
06:41
the voussoirs, the masonry blocks, so that they could be very efficient on the inside indeed. And then last but not least, just to really make the point, it was very important to us to then indeed dry assemble this. But I again want to zoom out a little bit, because what more generally I
07:03
was trying to make here as a statement is that thanks to indeed concrete 3D printing, we can significantly reduce the resources used by placing material where needed by a very disciplined kind of strategy of keeping materials very pure and separated.
07:22
So compression and reinforced and tension lumped in the tension ties, so it's not that global bending disappears, but we lump it in these tension ties. That gives you also a very clear maintenance kind of strategy, which might be relevant for infrastructural kind of approaches. Then, because dry assembled and with reversible, so non-chemical kind of connections, we could have a very clean reuse, dismentability.
07:53
So in the general context of prefabricated concrete, this is, of course, a relevant topic.
08:02
And then again, because of the separation of materials, we also have a low energy and easy recyclability at the ends of its life. So on two levels, we use masonry, the cutting up of the pieces, the voussoirs follow more kind of Roman arch kind of logic, while then locally on the level of the elements, we also have a beautiful alignment.
08:25
Again, an other masonry logic that is embedded, so this is then the result. But in order to get there, we actually didn't follow a typical strategy that we basically start from a geometry that we
08:40
then start to cut up and then try to make sure that our print paths work and don't collide and so on. Now, this is actually, and this is indeed the PhD research of Sade, is done quite the other way around. That actually the print paths are explicit and the geometry is implicit. Of course, we have a global target where we want to end up with the bridge.
09:04
We come from both sides, of course. But the key message here is that unlike typical strategies where you develop a slicer for a given geometry, we actually start from the print path. So that means that everything we print has the global structural constraints in it, but is also feasible and will always work,
09:26
because all the restraints and the prototyping and the experimentation and the experience of the 3D printing is encoded into the design framework that we developed. So it is a computational design framework that basically needs us only input this graph and then all the additional kind of elements,
09:44
including a continuous check of the local stresses through FV and the global geometry also under displacements and so on, using discrete element modeling. All of that is encoded into our computational framework.
10:01
So we start, we said let's do a bifurcating arch so that it is a bit more interesting than just a singular arch to give it a bit more complexity and these singularities also. So you see here always on the right that basically the code is being enhanced and more and more information is being added to the form finding,
10:29
the simple form finding that is the starting point with TNA in the background to rebalance the forces in order to get to our final kind of geometry.
10:42
And then increasingly the different masonry logics are being imposed and implied. But what's important here is that these steps can always be gone back to in order to then add more and more information of either the structural tests that we run in simulations or then also the 3D printing logic.
11:06
Apologies, I skipped one here. So what am I doing? OK, so then all the way to the 3D printing, which was then simulated indeed in the machine, and then this was then done for all the elements.
11:29
Sorry, I did skip a slide. I will go back to it here. There we go. So sorry about that. Oh, all right. Never mind.
11:44
And so this was then applied to all the elements after all the benchmarking, calibrating and so on. And as you saw in the introductory video, then we could assemble but also disassemble. The tools that we developed also really made sure that we could really very carefully catch any possible issue throughout.
12:02
And you also see here, by the way, on the bottom, you see that these non-parallel print paths demand quite a difference in layer height, which then, of course, is a challenge for the robotic 3D printing. So as I said, the robotic 3D printing was done by our expert colleagues in Innsbruck.
12:21
So they do extremely precise and beautiful kind of 3D printing. But as probably most of you know, this kind of two component, 2K kind of approach of 3D printing needs a lot of calibration. And beyond, of course, the locations in space, the calibration needs to be done
12:44
of also the speed of printing, the volume of material coming out and so on, in order to have a smooth transition of layer heights that go from just four millimeters to almost one and a half centimeters, so 15 millimeters in the same layer print.
13:02
And so that means that indeed position orientation and then the global kind of section that we are looking at, but then some additional kind of process parameters and the kinematics, but also the speed, the volume and so on needs to be very carefully calibrated.
13:20
So this is not the first time that we do this because we have been collaborating with incremental 3D for the last four or five years in the context of Saje's PhD. So this now nicely all came together. With the specific settings, the print width is about two and a half centimeters, which was not sufficient for certain areas.
13:48
And that is where we had to develop these kind of strategies to turn around and to kind of, so you see here on the inside. And then I just want to give an insight that, for example, this necessity of turning around at a certain point to make the inside of the structure.
14:03
And then so that we have a double layered here on the top where we needed it for the impact loads and the local stress concentrations due to impact loads of people moving on the bridge. This kind of feature we didn't like as this very strong kind of seam in the middle.
14:22
But then we said, why not then celebrating this as a feature indeed? And so you see that in the final printing, rather than doing one big move every single time. So in order to create the insight and also the double layer on top. So this move was done at every single stiffening.
14:43
And this then gave, you will see this later in the images, gave them an opportunity to express also the inside logic of the structure and to also make this visible. Some other strategies were used in the balustrade blocks where you see that basically in order to stitch the two parts and to add the thickness of the layer that we needed.
15:04
Because of the horizontal loads, also the balustrades are fully unreinforced. You see that here some sort of zipper stitching kind of strategy was developed for the balustrade blocks. Some factoids. So, I mean, what's always fun to say is that the total print path of this 16 by 12 meter kind of structure is 58 kilometers.
15:31
But to me, absolutely mind-blowingly impressive is that all of the blocks were done in 84 hours.
15:41
Of course, spread over two weeks, but so 84 hours of actual prints time, including the pre and post processing. And then just as here again, maybe of interest for you is that the layer hides varied. And this sometimes within one block varied from just over four millimeters to roughly 12 millimeters here.
16:11
All right. So then maybe the construction, because I'm running out of time, was done on. I hope that you agree that we were pushing already a sufficient amount of innovation and novelty for a 3D printed unreinforced structure.
16:29
That we took a shortcut and went for a very pragmatic way to assemble the bridge. It's always fun to do a project in Venice because then you can have these cool images of your elements arriving on a boat.
16:42
And then here you see actually by the size of the very simple spider crane that a big advantage, of course, is that because of 3D printing, we can have these hollow, very lightweight structural elements. So in this case, the footings were important, right? Because that's the trick to make all the rest unreinforced and to separate the materials.
17:06
So some views here on the tension times. But then a very simple, straightforward assembly where basically my team, together with maybe Norman recognizes here on the right.
17:21
Theoburgin, so Theoburgin's team. So here are two people from my team and two people from Theoburgin's team that assembled this bridge quite smoothly and quickly. Again, a view of the inside. So and with that, I then want to maybe celebrate a little bit of the images.
17:41
If you still have a chance to go to Venice, it will be there until the 20th of November. But so maybe a few things that I want to highlight is that, as I mentioned earlier, these kind of these kind of features mirror or represent the inside. So the inside kind of corrugation and triangulation of the of the of the elements.
18:06
So we rather than seeing this as an issue, we actually emphasize this and took this then as an aesthetic feature. But then also looking at the sides, these kind of imprints are again not just an architectural fantasy and expression.
18:22
It is a pure structural and fabrication expression. It's again, it's this slight imprint, this slight kind of nudging of the print path that you see because of the stitching on the inside and the stiffness on the inside. So again, we try to make sure that globally, locally, constructionally, that actually nothing was designed just for the sake of it.
18:47
But it always represented either structural fabrication or other kind of rationale. And so in that pure purity, we kind of hope that we achieve to to to indeed propose a new language,
19:03
an expression of concrete that can be very exciting. But I want to come back one more time. I mean, the prints. So here sometimes when the when you shine the light on it, it looked almost like an aluminum kind of material. So absolutely fantastic control of both the material properties.
19:24
But then, of course, the digital craftsmanship of incremental 3D to realize this bridge. So a beautiful collaboration indeed. But this collaboration in just five months from from starting point to opening of the bridge could not have happened if we would not have all at the same time developed our understanding,
19:45
our pipelines, our our tools and so on. And all of this was done in a very coherent and consistent way using the computational framework, open source framework compass. And so with that, I'm exactly on time and I would be pleased to take any questions if there are any.
20:03
And if not, feel free to reach out if you're curious about more details about this bridge. But thanks again for the spontaneous last minute invitation and enjoy the rest of your session.