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Hacking Google Maps

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Hacking Google Maps
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"99 second hand smartphones are transported in a handcart to generate virtual traffic jam in Google Maps. Through this activity, it is possible to turn a green street red which has an impact in the physical world by navigating cars on another route to avoid being stuck in traffic." #googlemapshacks The lecture discusses the development of maps and their function within society. It links the genesis of early maps with the current development of urban apps and the success of Google Maps. Thus it questions the practice of mapping and gives an overview over the critical perspectives of today’s mapping. How the impact of digitalization shapes urban transformation is highly contested. A frequent concern voiced by critics is the reliance of so-called smart cities on ›big data‹, collected, monitored, and geo-localized by a ›cocoon of ubiquitous computing‹ (Halpern). While collectable and marketable data is prioritized, the actual realities of urban populations are being ignored and compromised. Commercialized smart city approaches foster the fragmentation of urban fabrics instead of ›bringing the world closer together‹ (Zuckerberg). ›Spatial software‹ (Keller Easterling) are actively shaping urban transformation processes but also functioning as new gateways for private corporations to dominate cities. The focus of this lecture is on the role of urban actors as producer, consumer, prosumer and hacker in our emerging ›surveillance capitalism‹ (Zuboff). Simon Weckert & Moritz Ahlert want to reflect the means, the significance, and the potentials of ›civic hackers‹ (Townsend) operating today’s and tomorrow’s smart cities dominated by the logic of ›platform urbanism‹ (Barns). The starting point of this endeavor is Simon Weckert’s performance "Google Maps Hacks" In February 2020 Weckert, a Berlin-based artist, got global news coverage for the video of his performance in Berlin, it went viral (over 3 Mio. clicks on Youtube). To contextualize his performance, he referenced an essay written by Moritz Ahlert, who recently finished his PhD about ›Google Maps-Urbanism‹. For this lecture the speakers would like to investigate the role of hacking the digital urban infrastructure from their complementary artistic and scientific perspectives, using their work as a basis and including contemporary works of other artists, researcher and activists.
Keywords
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Transcript: English(auto-generated)
Welcome to this episode of RC3 Talks here on Kaos Sonne Tfau. Kaos Sonne is the collection
or collective of all the hacker communities here in Eastern Germany and we are presenting you today Hacking Google Maps by Simon Weckert and Moritz Allard. This talk will be in English so I will quickly jump to German to announce the translation.
Now back to English and back to the talk Hacking Google Maps by Simon Weckert and Moritz Allard.
Have a lots of fun. This is our RC3 submission called Hacking Google Maps by Simon Weckert and Moritz Allard. Simon Weckert is an artist with his home base in Berlin. He likes to share knowledge on a wide range of fields from generative design to physical computing. His focus is the digital world, including everything related to code and electronics
under the reflection on current social aspects, ranging from technology-oriented examinations to the discussion of current social issues. In his work, he seeks to assess the value of technology, not in terms of actual utility, but from the perspective of future
generations. He wants to raise awareness of the privileged state in which people live within Western civilization and remind them of the obligations attached to this privilege. Hidden layers like producing and transporting the raw minerals required to create the core infrastructure of technology and human-filled automation labor of micro-workers who perform
the repetitive digital tasks that underlie new technology are just some of the topics in his projects. Moritz Allard is a researcher and artist based in Berlin. He studied architecture in Hanover and the Berlin University of the Arts. In his work, he explores the interface between actor-based urban design, mapping and digitalization of cities.
He is the author of several publications and he exhibited internationally. From 2015 to 2017 he was part of a three-year graduate program to research the aesthetics of the virtual at HFBK Hamburg and was working towards a PhD in art. He defended his dissertation
last year. Since 2017 he is a researcher and lecturer at the Habitat unit, chair of International Urbanism and Design at Tüberlin. Recent teaching activities include the atlas of digital fragments analyzing the global appropriation of digital tools by civil society actors in an
international context. The format of our RC3 submission is an video essay, based on an essay by Moritz Allard with two interventions by Simon Weckert. The essay by Moritz Allard discusses the technical development of maps and their function within society. It links the genesis of early maps with the current development of urban apps and the success
of Pokémon Go. Thus it questions the practice of mapping and gives an overview over the critical perspectives of today's mapping. The two interventions by Simon Weckert are Google Maps Board as a research focusing on the virtual border regime of Google Maps and second the
Google Maps hack and performance and intervention which went viral in the beginning of this year. Maps have always been instrument of power. They have always been a significant instrument
of government and domination. In antiquity, in the middle ages, and in the modern age alike, rulers have used maps to further their political agenda and to enforce their sovereign power. Maps are proven instruments for reflecting statistical data, and the history of the map is therefore also closely associated with the founding of nation states. In the mid 18th century,
the nation state took a growing interest in measuring its own territories, and in surveying its population. With its topographical divisions into states, these became the main protagonists in cartography. By providing iconographic national outlines, Maps increased
identification with a nation state, thus allowing geopolitical borders to become fixed in people's minds. Maps served as instruments of military defense, in military campaigns and in propagandizing national identities. Until only a few decades ago, maps were exclusively produced by nation states,
frequently in a military context. The map is and was an instrument of disciplinary and sovereign
power, as Foucault would have defined it. From the late 1980 onwards, authors like John B. Harley, Dennis Wood, and Jeremy Crampton have taken a critical look at the ways in which maps
function, and have explored the current perception of maps. They have come to the conclusion that maps are not objective, neutral graphic representations that endeavor to reflect the real world as accurately as possible. Instead, cartography is governed by rules that are scarcely questioned. Formalisms such as simplifying, distorting, secrecy, centralizing and hierarchizing
have always been determining factors in cartographic praxis. A particularly interesting and tension
filled relationship between power and counter power can be noted in the maps produced by the Transnational Corporation Google. This poses a question, how are power relationships expressed in the cartographic praxis and representation of Google Maps specifically, in terms of the
previously mentioned strategies of simplifying, centralizing and hierarchizing. The advent of Google's geotools began in 2005 with Maps and Earth, followed by Street View in 2007. They have since become enormously more technologically advanced. Google's virtual maps have little in common with classical analog maps. The most significant
difference is that Google's maps are interactive, scrollable, searchable and zoomable. Google's map service has fundamentally changed our understanding of what a map is, how we interact with maps, their technological limitations, and how they look aesthetically. Thanks to Google,
maps are more ubiquitous today than ever before, and, with the widespread use of smartphones, are influencing users' patterns of behavior. By using maps as a form of synaptic real-time networking, smart digital devices are creating a novel form of hyperlocality, a situation in which
things and users are interconnected and can be localized, and in which the physical world fuses with the virtual world. Google's geotools have become the nerve center and logbook of this world order.
have been built by by those maps and have been used as an argument to split them and so it means that maps are like such a powerful such a such a strong let's say a tool and
instrument to um to represent a specific world view and of course also to make politic with it and um so as we know what maps can be for example um well can draw borders for example
but they can also um use another specific um let's say graphic um yeah let's say tool of graphic other graphic um symbols like like a circle for city or let's say like a i don't know let's say black line for street or something like for representation for river right and these kind of graphical sets they're also representing some kind of generalizations so when we see a map
then we always have to think about this is really just a generalized point of view this is not the real world it's really just representation but there can be so many other different um point of views about this area what we're seeing there so that's always i think i think what we should not forget and when we see a map that's really that can be never seen as the real world
it's really just representation of the real world and um well you know think about like i guess macadam projection where we always give them some kind of it's like a super central europe central map i think most of the people in germany learned in school that they see this
kind of projection and therefore they can also give them like europe much more let's say importantness in this map because europe is in that sense much more a place in the center but there are so many different let's say versions and variations how you can present the world map so i think that we should always um have this in mind and how um well how maps
can be used for some kind of political statements or some kind of political and and well let's say motivations um can be seen here in this project which i did um last year that's so called google maps borders so i was writing an kind of algorithm to scan um
google maps on their let's say borders of their countries and you have to know that there are different google maps uh let's say versions so basically there is like a google maps um ukraine there's a google maps france there's a google maps um russia there's a google maps india and u.s and and so on and um i was interested in if google is showing us
the same informations when we're gonna use the different google maps versions and what i found was that it's not like this so what you can see for example on the top is the on the left side you see um google maps india on and on the right side you can see google
maps china and especially for the kashmir region there you can definitely see that the borders are different so of course we know that's like an old conflict between the two countries and it's still in the rain and not not somehow let's say 100 clear how they're gonna deal
with it and it's always like this kind of forward background process but i think what's important here is to see that um google is kind of you know standing behind the local opinion of this country and i think i would say that they are also in a way trying to not lose the local market of online map services in this country they are when they are not um in the sense um representing the local opinion and here i would say they are definitely um
making politics and they are not dealing in a neutral way with their maps how the way how it should be so same thing for example is here on the bottom like when you see google maps russia and google maps ukraine and we all remember the um
an engine of the krim island or the krim between russia and and ukraine and on the left side you see that the border between um ukraine and ukraine island is like a basically like a like a line and it's definitely saying okay this island belongs to russia
but when you see it on the ukraine side and suddenly it's like a stroke line and the state is somehow unclear so this definitely for me represents some point of some some world views and and it creates actually some kind of imbalance between what kind of information we are getting with regards where we're coming from and then it's quite hard for us to i would
say to uh to come to a common sense when we are getting different arguments we are getting different informations by those tools at an early stage google put in place specialized programming
interfaces called apis which allowed the programmers of other web tools to combine their data with google maps and to geo reference it known as map mashups it was the opportunity offered by the mashups that first made possible the emergence of new economic models such as large
parts of the digital shared org economies in this fashion google maps makes virtual changes to the real city applications such as airbnb and car sharing have an immense impact on cities on their housing market and mobility culture for instance there is also a major impact on how we
find a romantic partner thanks to dating platforms such as tinder and on our self-quantifying behavior thanks to the nike jogging app or map based food delivery app like deliveroo or foodora all of these apps function via interfaces with google maps and create new forms of digital
capitalism and commodification without these maps car sharing systems new taxi apps bike rental systems and online transport agency services such as uber would be unthinkable an additional mapping market is provided by self-driving cars again google has already established a position for
itself as mentioned google maps has led to novel displacements and overlapping of physical and virtual spaces in this context simulation techniques are used not only to generate virtual worlds but to form realities and to intervene in physical spaces we can safely say that
digitalization has opened up the mapping sector which was once dominated by the state instead of leading to increased democratization this has resulted in fragmentations economic interests appear to have replaced state and military interests google uses its maps to open
up new markets to collect more data and to profit from the online platforms which use google maps as their basis with its geo tools google has created a platform that allows users and businesses to interact with maps in another way this means that questions relating to power
in the discourse of cartography have to be reformulated but what is the relationship between the art of enabling and techniques of supervision control and regulation in google's maps do these maps function as dispositive nets that determine the behavior opinions and images of living beings exercising power and controlling knowledge maps which themselves are the product
of a combination of states of knowledge and states of power have an inscribed power dispositive google's simulation based map and world models determine the actuality and perception of physical spaces and the development of action models to echo the words of a gamban
today it seems that there is not a single instant in the life of an individual that cannot be formed contaminated ordered or controlled by dispositives in the form of maps deluz writes in the societies of control it is no longer either a signature or a number that is important but a code the code is a password individuals have become individuals masses samples data markets or
banks he cites guattari's vision in which a individual map becomes the control material felix guattari has imagined a city where one would be able to leave one's apartment one street one's neighborhood thanks to one's individual electronic map that raises a given
barrier but the map could just as easily be rejected on a given day or between certain hours what counts is not the barrier but the computer that tracks each person's position elicit or elicit and affects the universal modulation the digital map of today is an
instrument of the surveillance and control dispositive described by deluz and quattari every click on the net every step in space is recorded and registered everything that moves around goods information communication capital and consumers is tracked according to zygmunt baman
every human being is a wandering hyperlink the digital map co-writes tabulates and increasingly removes the blank spaces of our private life the everyday negotiations of our lives are cartographed by a succession of new digital techniques and applications with the smartphone
if not before communication coincides with control zygmunt baman describes how once solid and fixed surveillance relationships would become increasingly more flexible and the mobile and would expand into areas of life in which they previously played only a marginal role or
no role at all baman adopts deluz's rhizomatics to show that surveillance in control societies does not grow in a tree-like and ordered way but spreads rhizome fashion the new forms of surveillance would depend on data processing and would have long since left the framework of the disciplining discourse as described by fuko they affected a new transparency in which
not only state citizens as such but every human being in all areas of everyday life could be continuously monitored observed tested evaluated judged and sorted into categories in a fully one-sided way while every detail of our everyday life is becoming ever more transparent to the
organizations that observe us their activities are increasingly opaque to us the power relationships of today on the other hand are according to baman post-panoptic electronic technologies which are made use of by power in the rapidly changing and mobile organizations
of our present day make solid walls and windows largely superfluous apart from windows and firewalls of course they're virtual phantoms additionally they enable very different forms of domination not only do these no longer have any clear connection to prisons they are also frequently characterized by being exceptionally flexible and in the media and shopping actually
frequently go hand in hand with fun and entertainment there we're gonna come to
let's say the topic i'm was basically where everything started and i was really interested in
is how these digital tools how google maps yeah how this this new way to see maps have shaped the way how we work in the city how we um yeah how we how we basically how we use this tool
to interact with other actors in the city or how we also um how it's also basically shaping the way how we we gonna travel for example so google maps started in i think 2005 followed by street view and um these maps have i would say fundamentally changed our understanding
how we read maps right i guess when you ask somebody think about a map i would say that for most of the people what power in their mind is more like a virtual map like the ones which is defined by google so we could say that um aesthetically wise they're also defining in a way like how maps looks like these days and um of course they have like little in common
um with analog printed maps so they are like scooper scrollable zoomable and also searchable and so i would say that since 2005 with the advance of it um a lot of let's say things change how we understand maps and how we read them i mean of course it's quite obvious that
one of the benefits of digital maps is that um they can implement data there which means that can somehow act as a real-time map right and that's probably also one of negative sides of printed maps because you have to imagine let's say you have like a whatever like a big map
like a huge map printed um off of berlin in the moment when you print it's actually already outdated right because the landscape the area around this is changing it's dynamic like a river and in this moment when you print or when you create something like this then you cannot you can actually never say that that this map is the current state so it means that maps can
help or can be helped with us but can be for a short period of time but can also limit the use of of these maps especially when they are printed and i think that the main goal of google maps is to overcome the state and to say like okay here look right now we are creating a tool that doesn't come with this kind of outdated situation anymore it's it's it's kind of representing
of the of the of the world around us a real real-time presenting of the world around us so unfortunately as technology likes us or sometimes it doesn't like us and the
codec didn't work and for the presentation so here i would like to show you the google maps hacks maybe also for the one who doesn't know it so yes in the beginning of this year
in february and there was the 15th birthday of google maps and one week before the birthday i was i published this project on twitter and what the project is about so what you see is
there's a guy walking the street of Berlin with a red wagon and in this wagon there are 99 smartphones on the smartphones there are most of them actually all of them there are android smartphones and what's happening is that when you're walking alongside the street forward
backward and sometimes also a bit faster sometimes a bit slower then it generates some virtual traffic on google maps and this had the effect in the moment that people which are using google maps navigation system are being linked around around me or about this guy and after
wire you could literally say that see that um you could did you also feel it that suddenly that the street was getting um empty and empty of cars and this was quite interesting to see like how such a huge impact these navigation systems and especially the maps has on our
um or let's say and yeah way how we how we how we use them but also in a way like how people are let's say traveling and navigating this is in the city and yeah in the city and um well just kind of you know slow faster movement as i mentioned it was also some
kind of a trick to to um think about like how could the algorithm um read uh let's say 99 cars in a way as a traffic jam so with this action we were trying to also generate some kind of a stop and go traffic and um yeah i would say the the the um the hack or let's say the
performance itself i got the idea at the first of my main demonstration berlin where i saw a lot of people um working um alongside the street especially in kreuzberg and in that time i had
to look at my smartphone and i realized that google was showing a lot of like a huge virtual traffic and it's around but in fact there was no um car driving at all in the city or in this place there and so and it was quite clear to me that they are tracking um those smartphones of the
people and then they are creating the virtual traffic out of it and i was asking myself okay how can i create something similar to this and then of course i mean it was clear that i just need um smartphones and not the people for this for to do this to do a similar effect and um yeah i mean then the journey began like how to get the smartphones and so on and um
but this was quite hard in a way at the beginning because i thought okay like is there you know there must be some kind of secondhand um smartphones and let's say companies at airports and so on airports and so on because all the employees they're getting smartphones like every three years four years um but unfortunately i didn't get any let's say response
and from them to say like yeah of course you can use it here for something like this and then i came up with the idea okay maybe out of let's say if i want to generate something like this i could also make another performance out of this out of it to ask let's say friends
if they are willing to give me their smartphone for one day and if they basically can live without their smartphone for one day and i'm gonna use their smartphones for this heck and this was actually interesting to me that most people first of all like yeah okay i can let's see how it works and but um then after a while they said like okay okay that's gonna give you i'm gonna
give you the smartphone and then we can let's do it and then i will we will see if if i can survive the smartphone for one day and of course i don't have 99 trends so i also got um from some official smartphone suppliers and yeah and then basically i had all the smartphones so one day did the performance and it was after after one hour working inside
the screen it was in a way quite obvious that this kind of performance or this kind of heck would work um let me jump out of the presentation because i would like to give you also another
yeah thank you very much that was super interesting i think actually there could be a future similar workshop to how we're working today on seeing how youtube shows different things in the future how youtube or how google maps shows you different routes that's quite
scary development um yeah i would like to just ask you one question before we open up to the audience and i'm sure you get this question quite a lot but um do you know if anything was changed by google in their algorithm or their software after you did this performance or was there any change or are we still able to do this hack i mean it's definitely possible
there are already some some uh let's say copycats out there so there are youtube videos where people generating a similar virtual traffic i mean the thing is that uh google spokesperson said like yeah they are you know no matter what what's in the city if it's like a whatever a car camel or a person a camera or something else they are trying to track
everything and there was another sentence that they are also happy about it you know people make me aware of such kind of bugs and they're trying to filter these kind of events out so for sure i gonna i will do um um basically i will test the system i don't know maybe a half a year yeah and then figure out if it still works or not but i have the feeling it's gonna
be quite hard for them to to filter something like this yeah i guess something will always be possible to hack it yeah great so are there any questions from our audience we still have a bit of time before we start with the works um just a technical question
about the act you have done on google maps and you the 99 cell phone should be on google
like or just with gps activated or exactly so yeah you have to activate i mean of course right there are three three different ways and how smartphones can be tracked so i would say
the most accurate is gps then you have like say the network location system which works over antennas in the city it's like a triangulation calculation and then you have wi-fi and i enabled all three of them and then the thing is also important to mention is that
it didn't i didn't had to open google maps on the smartphone it was actually really just android um i mean probably it works better when you have google maps running as an application on the smartphone but um for sure they are also tracking you when you don't have it
running google maps i think there was another question here in the front thanks for the talk it's really that was really interesting and i've got a question you were mentioning copycats or copy kids yeah anything interesting you've seen there coming up on youtube people you know
elaborating on your idea and maybe you know giving you a new angle on what you what you started there um i mean of course there there had been some people mentioned like um i mean i got a lot of let me think i got some kind of ideas where people thought okay it could be
interesting to use it also in another way um i mean not from the guys from youtube they are trying to um well you know to simulate that but of course algorithms also learning um let's say that when there's a traffic on going on every week on the
same time then after why it will also predict that in a way and then i think people came up with the idea okay you know when i gonna do that let's say three or four times that would it be possible for the next time the street will be empty and then i have basically you know when i cycle from atv then the street will be to my when i go to work for example in the street will be empty this kind of um ideas came up um during the conversation or let's say
in the in the comments might be interesting to see i mean also by the way that's i think also important to mention um i mean as an artist i always try to or that's my understanding i really try to um come up with some easy let's say um narratives um for for for by the audience
to understand like how this technology works right and this was for me to use the smartphones a pretty let's say understandable and easy to read way but i also have to mention that there are multiple ways to simulate something like this i mean passwords are you know gps booing and as we know it from pokemon go as well like how they are using it
but of course you can also use um let's say trick the google api there are already some papers out there where people did that like five years ago and but i would say for for for an audience which is not so familiar with technology let's say hard to read that or to
understand that and then i think that's probably also the reason why the 99 smartphones got a lot of attention because it was easy easier to eat the 2016 summer's fashionable phenomenon was the
location-based app pokemon go a project by the nintendo video games company and former internal google startup niantic headed by the google earth inventor john hanker this summer this augmented reality app led to hysterical mass movements caused lethal accidents but first and
foremost had users hooked catching monsters like here in the video in taiwan pokemon go gamifies the real urban space making it a virtual arena it is based on a modified google map pokemon go brought users into places of the disciplinary society declared by authorities to
be unsuitable places to play such as prisons schools hospitals barracks and military training areas or former concentration camps owners of matured pokemons virtually occupied contested territories and defended them against other players obliging them to move and cover ground
pokemon go has entered tech history as the most profitable smartphone game of all time with a daily take of over 2 million us dollars from so-called in-app purchases more profitable although it cannot be recorded in numbers is the switching on of location sharing the tracking of the mass
body the inscribing of its serpentine movements on google maps movement data allows the coordinates of the base map to be improved google analyzes the individual surroundings of users based on gps and geo data additionally the map steers users in a targeted way in japan it steered them to
fast food restaurants where a so-called poke stop was inscribed into the map in front of every branch with pokemon go google dramatically shows that it is able to steer large currents of customers and how it can function as an instrument of social control through virtual techniques of marketing with this game google is testing something that will probably be commonplace for
all sorts of maps soon the recipe for pokemon go success lies with the individual play and user experience it will be interesting to see how the knowledge gained from this will translate into the everyday functions of the normal individual google map with the goal of working towards a still more efficient control situation pokemon go can be described as a map monster with a liberal
appearance inscribed into pokemon go are the codes of a individual control material deluz writes in the post script that the serpent is the animal of the societies of control the serpent is conquering space through movement the coils of the serpent of a snake are even more complex
in the context of pokemon go the loser's serpent looks like pikachu