Egyptian Social Media Stories
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RotationsflächeHypermediaSchlussregelZahlenbereichGüte der AnpassungTwitter <Softwareplattform>FacebookLeistungsbewertungKartesische Koordinaten
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FacebookInternetworkingTwitter <Softwareplattform>MittelwertZahlenbereichInternetworkingFigurierte ZahlFacebookNichtlinearer OperatorNachbarschaft <Mathematik>Twitter <Softwareplattform>Computeranimation
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Metropolitan area networkOffice-PaketTypentheorieDigitale PhotographieVorlesung/Konferenz
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Hecke-OperatorVideokonferenzDigitale PhotographieOffice-PaketVorlesung/Konferenz
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Transkript: Englisch(automatisch erzeugt)
00:27
Hello, thanks a lot for you for coming and being interested in hearing about the Egyptian Revolution. Thanks a lot for you. You might be hearing some notions yesterday in the two sessions by Jillian and by Surana.
00:47
So yesterday when I met Marcus, who is one of the organizers, I asked him, Marcus, do you want me to stick to a specific rule when I made my presentation or something? He said, in a very welcoming attitude, no, it's your stage, do whatever you think should be done.
01:04
I'm going to abuse this stage and do performances and singing instead of the presentation. But actually I was thinking of going somehow creative. So unlike most of the sessions I have attended, and I guess most of you have attended,
01:24
we have the questions in the end of the session. This time I'm not going to take any questions in the end of the session. I'm going to take it in the beginning. So if you please have any questions, don't get to the microphone and ask it.
01:46
But please do tweet it. First, I would like to ask, how many of you can access their Twitter accounts here via mobiles? Good number. And if the internet is working, the wireless is working well? I guess no.
02:05
No, very good news. You will not look at your screens, you will keep looking at me. This is good news. Those of you who can access their tweets, please, if you have any questions, tweet it using these post hashtags, Jan25th, which is the hashtag for the Egyptian Revolution,
02:23
because the protests started January 25th, and RP11, which is the event's hashtag. And then I will take the questions in the end via Twitter. And this is my Twitter name, if you want to mention me.
02:40
Then move to the presentation. Let's start. Well, according to the agenda you have in your hands, I should be speaking on the rule of social media and revolutions, how social media held the revolution to happen.
03:01
Then we should ask first, were Egyptians using social media before they revolted? And if yes, how they were using it? And if no, how come that in an overnight, they have become very good users of Facebook and Twitter and make the so-called Facebook revolution.
03:23
Yes, the answer for the question, were Egyptians using social media before January 26th would be yes. While Egyptians, the whole population is 85 million, roughly the same number of the German population.
03:45
But 21 million of them are online. These figures are before the January 25th. 21 million were online. They spend the average of 900 minutes per month surfing the internet.
04:06
And 4.5 million of them are on Facebook. This is the biggest number in the Arab region. 4.5 million of Facebook users are Egyptians. While on Twitter, it's approximately 27,000 only.
04:26
Well, 21 million would be a good number. However, it just represents almost 17% of the Egyptian population. But it's fascinating how the rest of Egyptians were looking to the internet, how they regard it as
04:42
who would do anything for them. They would ask anything for the internet and the internet would respond to them. I mean, look to this picture. This is an internet cafe in a very poor neighborhood.
05:00
Internet in Egypt, by the way, is not that expensive at all. Like an hour for one pound. One hour for one pound. And one Egyptian pounds equals less than 20 cents if you are comparing to the US dollar. So it's really cheap. And maybe this makes sense that you find internet cafes in the very poor areas, even in the villages you find them.
05:27
Because I think that people who are not, people who are unsatisfied with their lives, they just escape to the virtual world and try to find another alternative life. I would not say they are trying to improve their lives using the internet.
05:45
This happens recently, but like before, like by the year 2000, 2001, 2, 3, 5, until we have an offline action, mass protests and these things, people were just skipping to their online to find an alternative life to the lives they had been using.
06:08
By the way, we have 17 million who cannot read or write at all. So it's no way that they get online. But Egyptians have been welcoming the media, I mean the new media. If they are doing anything and they want to be heard
06:30
and they want to broadcast it, they would ask someone to film them, to take pictures of them, they would be very welcoming to this.
06:41
If they are protesting, if they are even happy, celebrating or anything, and you know that you are a blogger, or you know that you can even log online, they will ask you, okay, picture me, picture me and upload it. Will we have it online? And they welcome this. Sometimes even they are doing this themselves. They just pick up their mobile phones,
07:05
record what's going on, and then they meet you. Ah, you got online. You are a blogger. Then open your Pluto. I will share something with you. Put it online. Put it online. They are very keen to get their word sprayed.
07:21
And they do believe that the internet would spray the word, especially that the mainstream media is not that good. I don't mean in Egypt, but like in general. Now we are just talking about before January 25th.
07:41
Wow. Could you spend only 30 minutes, sorry, only 30 seconds looking very carefully to this picture? Time out. So who picked me a different, who found the difference between the two pictures?
08:09
Great, great, great. That's right. This picture was taken in the launch of the recent, you know, peace talks in the United States last September. And you can see Abdullah II, Abu Mazen, Obama, Netanyahu, Mubarak,
08:25
while in the other photo, below you find Mubarak leading the leaders. This picture, the photoshopped picture, was published in the biggest and oldest newspaper in Egypt, Al-Ahram.
08:43
And like it was published like normal. They didn't say this is a photoshopped or something. Very nicely. And then one of the bloggers, he scanned it and wrote a blog post and tweeted it. CNN on the same day contacted him, picked up the news, and after CNN everybody published it, all the mainstream media, it became a scandal.
09:08
And you know what? This newspaper explained why they made a photoshop for him. And this is a symbolic picture. Like you see how Mubarak is very important to the world.
09:21
So this picture, what I mean by showing this picture, this is an example how mainstream media was trying to manipulate people. And this gets reason for just counting on new media. Then I think now we have answered the question of, did Egyptian use social media before the revolution?
09:46
And again we have the next question, moving to the next question, which is, did the use of social media help or pave the way to the revolution? I would say yes. Not because social media is a magic or something, but because
10:03
usually when we talk about social media we just look to the digital part of it. Like this is internet, this is a virtual world, this is something that we cannot see. So the unseen is either something we are really scared of or something we just exaggerate how it can work, because we don't have it in our hands.
10:28
And I think going to the two extremes is not realistic. Social media is something in the middle. It's just a very powerful tool if you get to understand how it works.
10:43
And before it's a digital or before being a virtual thing, social media is a media. I'll say only a few people in this room would argue the rule of media in shaping the public opinion. And here we go, the public opinion is the people, and the people are the ones who make the revolution.
11:04
So of course social media helped to make a revolution since it's media. Now you will watch this video. It's with English subtitles.
11:40
Are you tweeting? I'm sorry, this is boring for you, I know.
13:25
So far, can someone volunteer until we fix this problem? Can someone volunteer and read what has been written in these hashtags, the two hashtags, the nearly 25th and RP11?
13:41
Yeah, okay, Michelle will say. Nobody seems to be willing to volunteer, volunteerism is a very good value, but nobody seems to be volunteering. So you, Michelle, go. I don't want to upstage anyone, but there was a tweet from apropos nothing, if you're in the audience you
14:03
can wave, about whether you trust the military to hand back the power to the people who fought for it. If the military is giving the power to the people? Yeah, if you trust the military to do it. Well, I mean, me, if you're living, if you have been living for 30 years, I was born, I'm not 30, I'm less than this.
14:25
If I was born in a dictatorship, I would not trust anybody. Yes, the military doesn't have bad record, but it also doesn't, the fact that the military doesn't have bad record, this doesn't prove that it would be an idea.
14:45
An ideal part to rule the country, so I don't know what the military is going to do. Anyway, the military showed some good intentions by saying, I'm not staying, the military council is not
15:01
ruling more than six months, I'm not staying in power, and they made a package of institutional changes. At the same time, they are doing some bad things, but I think under the pressure from the people part, they are changing it, so I think, I don't trust them.
18:00
Shocking scene, one of the shots was the street, an Egyptian street, full of people in plague, those people in plague are the right police, the right holders. So that was normal, that you find police everywhere, you find maybe six trucks of police in front of each university,
18:31
in front of each syndicate, in front of each everything, you find them everywhere, just quite normal that you see police.
18:41
So that was shocking, but actually we need, like if there were people who made this video, who wrote about it, who reported this very bad news, we were not to find them, so we need this word.
19:02
Then I was trying to do, actually since 2006, since late 2006, what happened is that I was reading a report by a local NGO called Women, Testimonies and Police Station, and then this was quite
19:23
shocking, testimonies of women who were tortured in police station for no charge, they were not the charges of everything. But then I tried to make, to publish this, make it more public, so I made a blog about it, called tortureinegypt
19:46
.net, in which I was just loading it, just put everything related to the torture, the crime of torture committed in Egypt. And this ended with other initiatives, like a map for torture crimes, something very interesting called Biggibidia,
20:07
you will find it on Flickr, if you even type in Google, Biggibidia, you will find it. It's a photo at home for police officers, so you can't, if you are like beaten by a police man
20:21
or something, you just go to this at home and maybe you find this police officer who have beaten you. We don't identify them, we just put their faces and people should identify, not all the pictures you find there are people, are for police officers who are charged with torture crimes.
20:41
Anyway it's good to have their pictures, because if they didn't do it today, they might do it tomorrow. In the blog we also have audio, like the video you have watched, the music track on it is a song made by one of our friends, he just recorded it at home.
21:05
Endgame, it's not, I didn't of course did this game, it was by Amnesty International, and this is what I call a torture video. We put the names of police officers who committed torture and put a record of their crimes, like if you
21:25
go to the page of any one of them, you would find his picture is available, if not a symbolic picture, and then a list of the crimes he committed, and these crimes of course had hyperlinks, so if you say like in the year 1999 he tortured a man, then you find a hyperlink takes you to the testimony of this man,
21:48
and actually everything is well categorized, like you find a page for all the crimes committed in each police station, in each government, even by torture techniques, like you find all crimes committed using electricity or something, since the year 2000.
22:09
And this is the interactive map I told you about, like if you click to Cairo, you will find a window and this window takes you to the page of Cairo, where you will see all the torture crimes committed there.
22:26
And this is big video. I'm sorry to show this picture. I was showing off torture in Egypt.net just to say that
22:40
the internet had been used, social media had been used in Egypt to tackle such critical causes and to provoke the anger of people. Like I was angry. I just wanted to spread my anger and provoke the anger of other people. I was angry because torture exists, so I made many others angry with the existence of torture.
23:08
And then you find this man who was killed in Alexandria last July. He was actually beaten to death in the street, and his skull was demolished, like they panged their head to the wall.
23:26
He was not a political activist or something, he was just an entrepreneur and a normal man, and he was beaten in front of everybody until he was died. This man called Khaled Said, you maybe heard about him a lot, and if we ever
23:44
could say that there is someone behind the revolution, Khaled Said would be one of those. Like if you remember the video, you have watched it while we have these technical problems, in this video there was a man who was demised. This was quite shocking.
24:04
This man who was demised was an activist leader. He was a microbus driver, and what happened is that his cousin was like, the police officer was unhappy with his cousin, so like this man intervened. The police officer was unhappy with the man, so he took him to the police station, tortured him, demise him, and filmed
24:27
it with his mobile, like the recording is by the mobile of the police officer, and one of his assistants just shooted it. And then he circulated, the police officer circulated the video of the man being demise, the whole thing happening, he
24:45
just recorded it, circulated it, in a way like to show off his hand, like you see, if I'm unhappy with you, I can do it with you, just to show to the people in the neighborhood how powerful he is. And the black comedy is that both of them were punished, like the police officer who tortured
25:06
him was punished, and the victim was punished too, and what was the accusation, why he was punished? He was punished because he resisted the authorities, so excuse me, when you are tortured, please don't resist the authorities, otherwise you will be sent to jail.
25:24
So the guy, my driver, he might be like yes, he's Egyptian, he's not political, but then you find this man is almost my age, he's young, and he's almost my level of education, he's almost my social class, like he's an average man.
25:47
And this was quite mobilizing to young people in Egypt. And then an act of solidarity was having the famous Facebook page, we are all hell type, we have it in English and in Marabic.
26:06
This page was created by Wael Ghonim, you of course heard about him, this page got like 1006 fans in English and in Arabic actually, it's more than a million fans, more than a million fans.
26:26
What happened is that Khaled Ayd was killed in Alexandria, and of course people in his city were quite unhappy with his death, and they protested. By the time of the internet, the time when you got social media, you can record the protest, post it on YouTube, and make the whole country watch it.
26:46
Then when you ask them to go and protest, they will do the same, you know, because reading about something is not like witnessing it, it's not like watching it. You got to see how many people attending the protest, how many people participating and what they were chanting.
27:06
And to feel their passion, like how passionate they are and how precious they are to punish the one responsible for his death. So, social media was used to mobilize people, so first was to make them angry and then to mobilize them, and to spread the many revolutions.
27:29
I think most of you would just hear about Egypt either in the context, like it's a touristic destination, or I don't know, in the peace process, or anything.
27:47
But maybe most of you haven't known that in Egypt there were lots and lots of many revolutions before January 25th. If you look at this picture, you would say, ah, this is from Tahrir Square. But no,
28:04
it was not. This was taken in 2007, like three years before, or four years before the revolution. And this is actually a strike of one of the factories in a city called Mahalla. This was taken by the guy who was censored by Flickr.
28:26
So in only one year, between April 2009 and May 2010, you got all these number of set and strikes, demonstrations and marches, protest marches. The revolution doesn't happen, the revolutions do not happen, and then overnight. It's not
28:47
just like all of a sudden something happened. Actually, nothing happened all of a sudden. Now I'm revealing one of the most confidential secrets of the Egyptian revolutions. Actually, it's not me who's revealing it.
29:07
It's someone, hopefully the link works. It's someone called Temer, who was in Tahrir Square, and then he came back and he decided to call the TV and reveal this very confidential secret.
29:25
So I wish you pay attention and focus.
30:07
So we will play it. Michel, is there any other questions? Michel is not here. Anyone, if you would volunteer and read a question. Thank you.
30:26
A question from Virtual Academy is asking where do you host content. Could you describe your experiences with services to host content?
31:08
Yesterday, Gillian gave a very interesting talk about how it works with Facebook, YouTube, Flickr and other social networks when it comes to the content.
31:20
What they are going to block, how do you report something and so on. And Egypt got some examples, of course. What happens when these torture videos were leaked and of course, put to YouTube?
32:04
When these torture videos were leaked and uploaded to YouTube, YouTube just censored them and said this is very violent or this includes some sexual things, so we are taking them down.
32:20
What happens with the big video is that Egyptians stormed state security offices after the revolution and they got the documents and handed them to the military because the security like it's the most scary branch of the police, the branch that used to oppress people, watch everybody, I mean everybody, every detail, all the details of our lives.
32:49
So one of the activists, Hassan Hamalawi, he got to get some CDs loaded of pictures of police officers in their uniforms and he put them online on Flickr just for people if they want to identify them.
33:04
And especially that state security was committing torture, so you would find the one who tortured you online and then you can't like sue him or do anything with him. That was quite helpful but once he put it, then Flickr took it off and said no, you
33:22
should just publish the pictures that belong to you, your own pictures, these are not your own pictures. So yeah, what happened is that, I'm not even talking about the blogging platforms, like there was a blog platform, famous one, called MacToub.
33:41
MacToub, it's now I think Google posted, Yahoo posted, so MacToub was just doing whatever it wants, it was a Jordanian company and it was like sometimes you open your blog and you found happy birthday King Abdullah. Without even being notified that you will say happy birthday to King Abdullah.
34:05
So what happened, yeah, there is a kind of censorship in the name of terms and conditions. So back again to the secret of the Egyptian revolution, it's with English subtitles, I wish you could see it quite well.
35:24
I love you, I love you, I love you.
36:45
I love you, I love you.
37:56
The big secret is that the revolution, the protests in Tahrir is organized by foreigners who are, oh my god, speaking very good English.
38:09
So this was just a sample of what state TV, 9th TV was broadcasting over the revolution and it was like they were portraying it like a conspiracy is happening.
38:24
Like the tone was, oh yeah, the people who were protesting in January 21st is good people, they are the Egyptian young people, but then the foreigners or the foreign conspiracy came and they are trying to take over the country, something like this.
38:49
Which of course didn't work with people because at least people were like comparing what they hear in mainstream media, what they watch in mainstream media to what they see on Twitter, what they see on Facebook.
39:02
They are trying to get like a kind of image, what's going on. And then when the internet was off, the shut off of the internet and mobile services, people who didn't protest, who haven't protested in the beginning, they just knew that there's something serious going on.
39:21
If they are, because it was the first time in the country, in the history of the country that you turn off the internet or you stop the mobile service, mobiles are very important in Egypt. I told you we are 85 million, we have 70 million mobile subscriptions, that means that almost everybody with a mobile, even
39:42
if he can read, he cannot read or write, even if he's an aged person, he, everyone, almost everyone has a mobile. Sometimes even the children. So when you stop the mobile service, it means that there is something serious going on in the country. Then they were like, let's go to the protesters and check if they are
40:02
really a part of a foreign conspiracy, if they are Egyptians, really patriotic Egyptians. And then you find this gravity in downtown Cairo, Facebook and Al Jazeera. It's like people want to say, we like this, we want
40:20
this, because there was like jamming, Egyptian regime jammed signals of Al Jazeera and Facebook of course was blocked and the internet was shut off. So people were like, we want our words to be here, so we want Facebook, Twitter as well, and these pictures, we need internet, who is afraid of Twitter?
40:46
Well, then we are now talking about the rule of social media in the revolution. However, the internet was not accessible to people. They were trying to, like in Tahrir Square, there was a tent, and people were just going around the square, recording
41:05
what's happening, and then going to the tent, put everything in computers, and then back again to that protest, filming what's happening. They don't have internet access, but they were just compiling all the videos, everything, because they want to archive what's happening.
41:24
It was not only in Tahrir, across the country, wherever you find the process, people were trying to archive it, to document it, even if they don't have the internet, because one day they will have internet and they will upload it. People actually were feeling like this is a part of our history, and then we should archive it, we should keep it.
41:47
This is one of the things, one of the initiatives to document the revolution, those are the slogans that people were using.
42:00
So it was like, if you are protesting today, or if you hear any chant, or a slogan, just write it online, then we have it somewhere on the web. That was a great way to spread the word. Also, I was in Tahrir, so if you were in Tahrir, you just go to this map and write your name.
42:24
It's kind of like, we got the names of people who were in Tahrir. It's for no use, actually, but it's like, I'm proud I was in Tahrir, and it's good to have your name in such things. So all these small spots are people who register.
42:42
And it made all sense, that after the revolution, you find the internet usage is increasing. We still, actually, sorry, it's not 58, it's 85 million. We were 21 million online. Today, we are 23, and we were spending 900 minutes online per month, the average doubled.
43:11
We are spending 1800 minutes, and there are more than 5 million Egyptians on Facebook.
43:20
And Twitter, yeah, almost doubled. 45,000 Twitter users. This picture, actually, was taken from Tahrir Square. People are trying to charge their mobile phones, their laptops, everything.
43:40
They got electricity from, I don't know why, they got it from the public electricity boxes and something. And they invented some small things that they can use electricity and charge their mobiles because, of course, there were lots and lots of mobiles in the square.
44:03
And they were watching, this guy was watching Al Jazeera, maybe the other guy was watching something else, or he was vlogging or tweeting, I don't know. And the injured guy was charging his mobile, so people were willing to be connected and to update the web.
44:24
If you Google three social media stories from the Egyptian revolution, you will find some interesting and funny stories, free stories. One is called, The Man Behind Amarsley Man. The second is, the second one, The Jersey of the Prime Minister.
44:42
Actually, this is an interesting and powerful story, ended with the resignation of the Prime Minister. This one was appointed by Mubarak, and what happened is that people, instead of attacking him, they were attacking his jersey, his clothes. And they were attacking, like, very heavily, his plover, his jersey, so it ended with his resignation.
45:07
And then the last story is, We Are Devastated. My niece is carving vids. You would Google it and find it. So, to sum up, before we got the questions, social media had been used in Egypt before the revolution, in the revolution, and after the revolution.
45:26
Social media didn't create the Egyptian revolution or any other revolution. People do create it, people do revolt. Social media is just a tool, a very powerful tool, if you got to understand how it works.
45:43
There are, like, Facebook is almost, is available in almost everywhere, and Twitter is available everywhere. But we didn't find revolutions everywhere, because it all counts on the people. Revolution is not an easy thing. It's not like we overthrow a dictator, or we just stay on the streets, strike on the streets, or something.
46:07
It's a set of emotions, actions, plans, creativity. It's a package of many things. And I don't think social media has these emotions, has this determination, has the will, has the hope.
46:27
I don't think social media, however, it's quite powerful, I admit, but it's not human. The human being is the most powerful, the most powerful creature. And then, nothing called social media revolution.
46:44
People are revolting, and if we got to understand how to use the tools, the available tools, we were really made a change. Time for questions? Thank you. Thank you.
47:25
So I'm curious to know, did anyone tweet at any question? So who would volunteer and check the Twitter hashtags? Michelle. Well, I wanted to give other people a chance. I know you wanted some audience interaction, if other people wanted to read the tweets that were sent.
47:42
Okay, who would volunteer? This microphone works. Okay, here's a question from Fand Tasse. What happens to charges submitted to Wikipedia and torture database?
48:05
Possible to verify them and take further action, is the question. What happens to the database? What happens to charges submitted to Wikipedia and torture database? So if like the police comes and says like, what the heck are you doing here?
48:22
What happens to those charges? Okay, when we put a picture on big video, actually big video doesn't work like me is uploading picture or my friends Sam, Omar are uploading. It's just open for everybody. Like what happened actually is that I have some pictures.
48:44
In a protest, police officers have their photographer and they photograph, take pictures of the activists. So some of us were like taking pictures back. So I have some pictures, my friends, everyone had some pictures.
49:00
So the idea was why not why we make all these pictures available and invite people to upload their pictures if they have any. And if they don't have, why don't they go to the pictures that exist already and try to identify and maybe they recognize someone. So not every police officer in big video is charged with torture.
49:26
Some are charged and some are sentenced already and some are not. And not all the content is uploaded by us. We got around like 150 members and we got roughly 500 pictures.
49:44
So it's people who are uploading it. So far it hasn't happened yet that you find that a victim recognized the man who tortured him through big video. That's what happened one day.
50:02
Okay, next question is from Christian Meisenbach. He asks how dangerous was it to collect this evidence? Like what was the danger for you personally or for the people who took the pictures? And was it dangerous for them were they threatened by the police?
50:21
I cannot give a definite answer because I told you there are a lot of people who took the pictures. But actually it's not very difficult to take a picture of a police officer. Some of them actually took the picture with their mopiles. Like they are at distance and then they took it. The police officer didn't notice that they are picturing him.
50:43
And some others took it and the police officer appeared on the part and they cropped it. But like for me I have a very easy technique. I spot the police officer, I look at him, smile.
51:01
He looks at me, smile back, I picture him smiling. And it's not that difficult. And you know what, it's one of the privileges of a picture. You cannot look for your pictures.
51:22
I mean if you are a police officer it's easy that you Google your name then you find a text about you. It's not very likely that you find a picture about you. Google will not recognize it unless your picture is really popular. Then it will be shown in Google Images.
51:42
So people who published texts about a police officer then they got intimidated. No way. But regarding pictures, in terms of pictures I don't think a police officer would even know that their pictures are online. So while I'm standing here I used the chance to ask a question I have.
52:02
The website you got online there wouldn't be online in Germany for longer than let's say a week until police would close it down. Because we got rights concerning the rights of the officers. This just wouldn't be possible.
52:21
Is this website hosted in Egypt or is it hosted somewhere else? Hosted in Egypt actually. And you might be like, I'm not sure, but sometimes these days if you try to log it we sometimes turn it off because we are trying to move to another server. Another Egyptian server but like bigger.
52:41
But yeah it's hosted in Egypt so far. It's in Egypt. If you're talking about the blocking of why they keep this website online. In Egypt the Mubarak regime tend not to block the website because he was very careful of how he looks in the eyes of the western people and the Americans.
53:04
And he doesn't want to be like, he always was described like the literal, democratic, moderate, fantastic guy. So the much easier solution was like, let's block the person or let's arrest him. So that's what's happening.
53:20
You are intimidated, you are threatened, you are taken, arrested and disappeared. That was happening very commonly. Just to remind you, of course I would say most of you heard about Michael Nabil who was sentenced for three years after being sued in a military court.
53:43
But actually Michael is not the first blogger, not the first Egyptian blogger who was sentenced or sent to a military court. In only one year, the year 2009, there was more than 100 bloggers in Egypt just arrested or taken illegally.
54:01
So there were a lot of harassment and after the year 2000 actually there was what we tend to call internet police. Which is an administrative unit in the Ministry of Interior to monitor the internet. And when we storm in state security offices, we find like emails, your emails are printed off, available, everything.
54:28
All your online activities are monitored. So this was the way to do it in the backstage, not in the state. So thank you so much to our question reader and question poster.
54:44
And thanks so much to our speaker, Noha, it was a very entertaining talk.