Thank you very much for very kind introduction to meet for me. I'm very glad to be able to stand here to see all these very enthusiastic and future promising students.

Also, there is some faculty here. When Professor Sasaki asked me to give a seminar today, just about a month ago, then I said yes.

I like to talk whatever I like to talk, so today I'm not going to talk anything detail in technology. In fact, I don't know any technology in depth, but I'd like to talk something.

I think it's useful for you, so that I very briefly cover some technological issues, because as you know, I've been involved in the upper part of the whole spectrum of steel business.

We call it chemical metallurgy, or the iron making, steel making, that area. So probably my talk will be a little bit biased, because of my primary interest area, but I try to be as general as possible.

When we say the technology development, probably there are many ways to classify the technology developments, but this is one of the ways. Facility limited, which means if you have a better facility, you can produce more of the product in better quality at a lower cost.

So for instance, if I see the car racing, for instance, you can easily say which car will be running faster than the others,

because the facility, this must be running faster than the other two. But in this case, the solution to this problem is…

This is a solution. If you have money, you can solve the problem, get the better facilities,

and then you can produce more in higher quality at a lower cost. But many of the underdeveloped countries, and then some developing countries,

if I apply this one to the steel industry, they are usually in this category. So when I was first joined the steel industry in Korea in the 1970s,

the technology is already embedded in the facilities. When we get a better facility, the facility comes with its own technology. So we just run it, and then we get the products. So that's how to run, how to maintain the equipment. That's the best technology we could say.

But there is another one, knowledge limited technology. That means everybody has the best equipment, similar kind of a car, but who drives faster? It doesn't depend on the car itself, it depends on the driver.

In this case, the solution is not the facility, it's the human resources. How good you are, how good a driver you are. This is one of the ways of classifying the technology development.

So Korea is now in this area. Most of the steel companies in Korea have the best equipment available in the market.

But it doesn't mean that they can produce the best quality of steel. So they have to work hard to make the most of the facilities. So now there are also a number of ways of classifying the patterns of technology development.

This is one way. Suppose this is the size of the experimental work. Suppose you have this size of materials or the specimen for research.

Suppose the outcome of your research is very promising, then you can go for further development. You make more of those products. And then eventually, if fully successful, you can go to the production, commercial production.

So in the commercial production and the research, the size or the amount of the work you do, the amount of material you deal with is about the same. But here you deal with only one piece of the material, but here many of them.

But there is another one. This is the physical size when you do the research. It's promising, and then you go for one step further. For instance, pilot plant type of development.

The scale is much bigger, but for the commercial production, it's much, much bigger. So these are two different types of patterns for technology development. Steel falls on this category, steel. So that's why what you think you've developed a very nice technology,

but the steel company is not very much interested in your technology because there is a very wide gap in between. So for pattern one, when we contrast science against technology,

then for pattern one, many times science and technology are overlapping with each other. So sometimes you cannot distinguish whether it's science or technology. But for pattern two, science and technology are sometimes widely separated.

So scientifically, your work is very nice, promising, but technologically, you still have a long way to go. This is my view, that the socioeconomic point of view,

the steel is the backbone material of the society. So when you go out there, and then you can look at whatever you like to look, just imagine if there were no steel available, what shape of the society would look like.

So it has to be backbone material. You don't see your backbone, spine, but there is a backbone. And then technological point of view is an ever-evolving material.

I run a 12-year-old car. My car is 12 years old. And then the, I don't know who runs the new car. Suppose you run a new car? You do.

Okay, if you look at the car itself, you may say that, oh, this is a car body. If you peel off the paint, there must be steel in it. And then 12 years old car, and then the brand new car, steel is steel, but it's very different.

If you produce steel, 12 years old technology, and then try to sell it to the car maker, they wouldn't buy. So it's gradual, you don't see very much, but it's evolving. And then global environment for environment point of view, the iron or steel is most abundant,

available material in nature, and then also the most recyclable material. So in this way, in this regard, steel is very environmentally friendly material.

Okay, now to some consideration of the future of steel. It's not the steel product, it's the steel production process. If you looked back maybe 20, 30, 40 years from now, a blast furnace used to be quite small.

The blast furnace is about 400 years old technology, is that right? 400 years old technology. It's gradually developed, become bigger and bigger, but in the blast furnace operation, very important technology is how this burden moves inside.

Because at the bottom, it melts in the sink, and then at the top it keeps pouring the raw material in. In the body, the things are sinking, but not very uniformly sinking, it's sliding and gliding, all of the things happening inside. So it's control of those movement of a burden in the furnace is quite demanding, difficult.

So because of that, the size of the blast furnace was limited until the people have adopted some technology from civil engineering. In civil engineering, they already had a very well developed technology for land sliding.

So they adopted, the metrological engineer adopted that civil engineering technology, land sliding technology, and then applied it to the blast furnace so that they can increase the size of the blast furnace.

The other one, up until the 1950s, most of the steel was produced by the so-called open house furnace. It's quite nice, but very slow. But even more than 100 years ago, they already knew that when pure oxygen could be used for steelmaking,

then the steel can be produced in a much faster way. But the oxygen was very expensive. But in the 1950s, someone developed how to produce the oxygen at a much cheaper price.

It's the so-called tonnage oxygen. So this tonnage oxygen was employed in the steelmaking, combined with the steelmaking technology, so that the basic oxygen furnace has been developed.

Now, this is a triangle, not a phase diagram, but anyway, the phase diagram looking at the triangle. So suppose this is a reverberatory furnace, open house furnace, old-fashioned, and then basic oxygen furnace here, and then the electric arc furnace there.

So all of you know how to read this one. This is how the steelmaking technology is moving along with time. For instance, a long time ago, this is the main steelmaking technology. But if you look at this one, in the 1950s, the BOF, basic oxygen steelmaking technology,

was the major technology. But in 1950, in 2000, it's gradually moving toward electric arc furnace, because the iron steel scrap has become more and more available,

and then the steelmaking technology with the scrap has been developed a little bit further, so that they are working in this way. So someone has predicted that in 2030, most of the steel will be produced through electric arc furnace,

because more and more of the steel scraps will be available. If I take Japan as an example, one of my friends in Japan told me that in 2030,

the steel scrap to be collected in Japan is enough to cover the steel demand in Japan, if you process the steel scrap using the arc furnace, if you don't worry about the steel quality.

But the problem is quality. If you use the steel scrap, inevitably you will have some impurities, which is very difficult to remove, so that the quality of steel is not comparable with the steel coming from iron ore.

But the technology has to be developed further, so that very recently the new technology has already been available in the market. I think some Indian steel companies have already adopted this one.

So this is an electric arc furnace. They combine them together so that the one single furnace has two sources. By putting the oxygen lens, it becomes BOF, and then take it out, and then they swing the electrode in, and then it becomes arc furnace.

So one furnace functions two steelmaking processes. So in this case, you can use either molten hot metal and then the steel scrap,

depending on the economic point of view or the quality point of view. So this is a very simplified iron steelmaking process. Suppose we are going to make iron, but if we move this direction, it's oxidation. Move this way, reduction.

So iron ore is fully oxidized from Fe2O3. So we have to make iron using Fe2O3. And then we have to remove this oxygen from iron oxide. Usually we use carbon. Carbon loves oxygen, so that the carbon takes oxygen out, and then leaving the iron behind.

Then we can produce iron. This is a very ideal condition, but our current technology is not good enough to hit this point. So we usually go overshooting like this.

We produce iron, but it contains too much carbon. So this is called ironmaking, mostly from blast furnace. And then it contains too much carbon, we have to remove it. To remove oxygen, we supply carbon. To remove carbon, we again supply oxygen.

We blow the oxygen. But again, we could remove the carbon, but it contains too much oxygen in it. Now we can't use carbon again, because if we use carbon, we'll kick back and forth forever.

So we have to use some different things, usually aluminum or silicon, and then some of the metals, which is very good for reacting with oxygen. So in many cases, we use aluminum. Then it comes to this one.

This is called refining process. This is a general process. And then once you are happy with the liquid steel, then it goes to the casting to make a solid. Now, a couple of weeks ago,

Professor Chang Mo Kang gave a lecture very intensively. So if I reiterate a little bit of it, and then suppose fine products, 100%, in terms of a production cost, and then the hot metal,

to make a hot metal, you have to spend 75% of the total cost. And then the further processing to steelmaking and refining, once you got the steel cast, it's already used up to 90% of its total cost. Further processing, about 10% more cost.

Why this happens? Previously, this was not the case, but if you look at the raw material price, about 10 years ago in 2000, the price of iron ore was $18 per ton, but now it is $160 per ton.

For coal, it is a coking coal. In 2000, it was $40 per ton, but now it's very close to $300 per ton. So in 10 years' time,

this is how the raw material price has changed. That's why the ironmaking process is so important these days. So some people say that only those steel companies will survive,

which can develop a kind of technology which accepts raw quality raw materials, because raw quality raw materials are cheaper.

So there are several processes that have been developing alternative to glass furnace technology. For instance, Fastmat, I don't like to cover too much detail. They produce sort of a hot GRI,

and then the rotary furnace, this has been developed by Japanese people. It is also one of the promising technologies, alternative to glass furnace, but they produce a steel iron nugget,

not the liquid hot metal, but the solid iron nugget. And then this is a FinEx. Posco is putting lots of effort into it to develop, to complete this process. This is just to replace the glass furnace.

The professor Chang-Huo Kang has already explained some detail of it. I'll skip it. And then for steel production, not the iron production, but for steel production, but the current technology is either BOF or the electric arc furnace.

As I told you, in the future, these two furnaces will be combined together so that you can take metallic iron coming from iron ore, also the metallic iron source coming from steel scrap. Then you can produce any kind of steel quality,

the long product or flat products, whatever. This is another view of the whole process of steel production process. Raw material comes at room temperature.

Iron ore, coal, limestone, all comes at room temperature. Temperature is raised quite high, and then even further high for steel making. This is 1,600 degrees Celsius. And then you cool it down to make it solid,

and then it comes to the room temperature, and then heat it up again for hot rolling. This may be about 1,100 or 1,200 degrees Celsius level. And then cool it down again for hot rolling and then further processing.

So heating up and then cooling and then heating up and cooling. So is there any way to produce the steel without going that high temperature? So this is what we do at the CSL, the calcium ferrite route.

So when you look at the phase diagram of calcium ferrite, so this is the phase diagram at the 1,300 degrees Celsius. So we can see that the very wide liquid area. So the liquid area, if you control the oxygen potential in the right direction, then you can produce a metallic ion.

And then further reducing the processing temperature, so we are working on the oxy-sulfide route. So oxy-sulfide, when you look at the phase diagram of oxy-sulfide, a very brief one, this iron side, sulfur side, and oxygen side,

there is a two-phase region. So if the composition is brought to this area, you can have a metallic ion and then oxy-sulfide match together. In other words, oxy-sulfide may be able to precipitate out the metallic ion. So I'm particularly interested in this process

because in the future, the steel industry should use more of iron steel scrap. Steel scrap inevitably contains copper in it. Copper likes sulfur more than oxygen.

So when you have enough amount of sulfur in steel, the copper can easily combine with sulfur to become a copper sulfide. So remove the copper using it this way, and then the steel may contain an excessive amount of sulfur in it, and then we have already developed good technology for desulfurization

so that we can remove the sulfur. So it's a quite future-oriented one, so we are also working in this area as well. For continuous casting, now that we are actually employing

the gravity-free form of liquid steel, what I mean here is, so up there we have a ladle, molten steel, falls to the tundish by opening the hole, and then the liquid steel falls to the mold, also the gravity falls.

Because of the free fall, the liquid steel is agitated, it's very turbulent condition. That turbulence creates lots of problems to the steel quality. Is there any way to replace the free fall mechanism?

So in CSL, we are actually developing this technique. So the tundish is not at the top of the mold, the tundish is beside the mold so that it's connected like this. It's a siphon process. So in this way, the steel can flow from here to there in a much gentler way.

So we don't have a very minimal turbulence in the mold. Okay, that's the technology we have, the technologies we are working on in CSL for future-oriented view.

Now I changed my talk. What are you here for at GIT? Why are you here at GIT? There are many other departments, even at Boston.

Why did you select to work at the GIT? Is it because of a very attractive scholarship package? Or you expect that you can find a job more easily than the other department?

Or do you really have steel in your heart? Which one is the major reason? Scholarship package? Finding a job? If that is the major reason, probably the reason,

I wouldn't be very impressed. So when you finish your study, either with master's degree or the PhD degree,

you will be branded with the mark of steel in your forehead here, right? You must be happy with it.

Okay, the steel technologies, this is the case of Korea. I just take Korea as an example. The steel industry in Korea has been in follower's position. In 1960s, 1970s, 80s, 90s, even very close to this point,

the Korean steel companies or industry was very faithful follower. They're working hard and then they just benchmark, oh, that is the advanced technology.

They worked very hard to follow it, to catch it up. And then also the Korean steel companies were very clever. Probably there will be a number of different technologies available in the market. Which one I should follow? If you follow the wrong one, you will be in big trouble in the future.

So the Korean steel companies, the industry has been very clever in choosing the advanced technology. So that they have wrote many of success stories. Look at POSCO, quite a good example there.

Suppose you have to tackle a kind of a problem. I don't know what it is, it looks very difficult to solve. And then this person doesn't know what to do.

But you can think of several different ways. This is one way, oh, there is a solution. So go and hit the button and then the solution comes. You don't care what this means. As long as you have the answer, you're happy. This is one way you can choose from.

And then when I was the junior engineer in the steel company, we had lots of problems. When a problem comes up, nobody knows how to tackle it, how to solve it. And then the boss of the company asked the Tokyo office of the company,

find a retired foreman, well skilled, and then he came. And then he told us, oh, this is the way to go, this is the way to go. We just follow very faithfully. Well, we didn't care. We didn't actually know why it happens in that way.

What is the reason? Don't worry. He just asked us to switch this way and we did and it worked. We are happy. He returned back. So very quick and easy. What about the, what if another problem comes up?

No solution. We have to find another retired foreman out there. Another way, there is a help button. Just hit it or just see it, sneak what the other person is doing. And then you can get a solution.

Probably, if you are not smart enough, even if you see it, you don't know what it is. So you have to have a little bit of knowledge. So this is better than the previous one, but still, if you don't have this person available, then you may not be able to solve the problem.

So also, easy and quick, and then probably you may not be able to solve another problem when it comes. Suppose there is still another way, you are thinking,

and then you are focusing and concentrating, and then try to, eventually you can put forward a solution. That solution may not work, and then you come back, and then keep going back and forth, and then you eventually get the answer.

So slow and steady. But if this is the case, the next problem comes, probably you will be able to solve it for yourself. I hope all of the GRFT students should work,

and then try to solve your problem in this way. Actually, the way you take now actually shapes future you. Which path do you take?

So hopefully all of you take this path, and then we call this kind of person a man of ability, innovative, and then creative type of person. So now the steel industry in Korea has gradually moved,

now we are at the leader's position, in some sense. Leaders are usually very lonely. All of these aged people here sitting in front row,

and then second row and third row as well, and then these people are all standing at the front row in their chosen areas. They are lonely. They try to find a person to follow, but there is a wilderness out there.

So the welcome to the future, but you don't know which way to go, unless you are very nicely and then very well prepared. So you know what the history is.

Suppose you are standing here, this is the history, and then the very stupid person will project in this way, the future will go in this way, but that is not the case. Probably the clever person, I don't know, do you know what it is?

So you have to be prepared for the future. So again, I'd like to see each one of you to be a man of future steel,

not like this, not like that, but like this. So this is a very famous curve, S-curve, incubation period, developed period, and then mature period, so that. So this is a time or effort, and then the level of development.

So if you are at this stage, this is the amount of effort you put in, and then this is the effect, achievement, small input and then large output. If you are at this side, you will be very happy, small input and then large output,

if you apply this to your research. If you are at this stage, quite a lot of effort in foot, but outcome is small, very shallow. When I use rock climbing as an example,

so in this case, for a given length of time, probably you can climb up a little bit to quite a distance, but if this is the case, the same amount of effort, probably you can progress a little bit.

This is the steel. That's why you should work very, very hard, like this person climbing up a rock. Don't try to be like this.

Steel is in fighting an uphill battle. Suppose you are, how do you call it, fencing. In the old days in Europe, they fought with a very long, narrow sword,

and then if you are up here, then another person is down here, you are much in a better position. But if you are down here looking up, you will be usually in big trouble. At least in the academic arena, the steel is in fighting an uphill battle.

We should admit it. For instance, when I was a university student, the department was called Department of Meteorological Engineering. Finish. And then it changed.

The Meteorological Engineering and Material Science. And then the Material Science and Meteorological Engineering. And then the Material Science and Engineering only. And then Advanced Material Science and Engineering. So these are the level of steel covered.

And then in some universities, in North America for instance, even this department disappeared. And then some of them have joined the Chemical Engineering, some others joined the Mechanical Engineering.

In this case, steel is falling like this. This is the real situation at the university. But steel is the material not to be abandoned,

but the material to be reinforced, as I told you, because of the number of reasons. That's why we have established or founded GFT and then all of you are here working for steel.

Science and technology, when we apply the science technology to steel, these are the number of atoms you are dealing with. This is the number of atoms. When you deal with this number of atoms, there is a tangible amount of materials. It's one mole of material.

How heavy is one mole of iron? Anybody can say? Very, very precise. Very precise. Roughly 56 grams. You can touch and feel. So this is the one. And then the microstructure and then the molecular level

and then the initial, first principle kind of work. So if we can cover a very wide spectrum of technologies for real material here,

and then the, sorry, the, and then the tissue will be very nice and then this is our hope. But in many cases it's discrete. We know something about this area, this and that, but we don't know much about some other areas.

It's disconnected like this one because we have only these types of knowledge for this area and then very shallow knowledge, a little bit deeper knowledge in this particular area, something like that. But it is a general, the people are generally saying that if your knowledge goes that depth

and then the application of your knowledge will be covering only that width and then it coming deeper and deeper and deeper like this. So we can say this is the depth of knowledge and then this is the breadth of applications.

It would be very, very ideal if one person or one researcher can cover all of these, the depth and the breadth, but unfortunately it is not the case. So someone has a very good knowledge in this area,

someone has a good knowledge in this area, someone has a very nice knowledge in this area, but not all of them by one person. So this is why we have to do some collaboration and group work. Some people working in this area and they're saying some word

and then the people working in this area, initially they are from different world, but they should understand each other and then combine them together to develop some innovative and creative technology.

This is a technology breakthrough. So this is usually S-curve. If this is all, then this technology will be saturated here.

So now we have a technology breakthrough. If we have a technology breakthrough and then we can make another takeoff like this, another S-curve, otherwise we should be saturated like this. And then another one and another one. So the technology will continue to develop like this.

For instance, if I apply this kind of concept to testing, solidification of molten steel, so this is ingot casting and continuous casting, strip casting, and then some other casting technology,

probably siphon casting, which I'm working on. So when the ingot casting was the case, most of the people are working on ingot casting, how to prevent the segregation and those things, how to make the inclusions to float up before they fully solidify.

So that was the high technology at that time, ingenuity. So to do this, probably you need to have some kind of ingenuity. You know who said this? Genius is 1% inspiration, 99% perspiration.

Who said that? And then what perspiration? Is it sweat or effort? 99% effort.

So do you think all of you are genius? Because at least you have a 1% inspiration, at least. The remaining 99% effort, every day you put effort into your work. So all of you should be genius,

but they don't call you genius. Why? There is another principle called Pareto principle. Sometimes it's also known as 80-20 rule. This principle states that for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.

What does it mean? For instance, suppose there is a person, time, energy, and an effort. He puts 100% of time, energy, and an effort, and then 20% of his input,

either it's time, effort, or effect, sorry, the energy, 20% of his input results in 80% of the achievement. 80% of his time, effort, and energy just gives a 20% of achievement.

So you make an achievement, 80% of your achievement comes actually from 20% of your input. The remaining 80% of your input produces only 20% of outcome. Why?

Because of this. When you put the 20% of your time, you are very active and very concentrated and focused work. But for the 80% of the time, this is what you do. So you don't focus. You don't put just,

oh, I have to do some computer game first, and then I have to do some research. I have to read the paper. Oh, it's a headache. I have to go to the toilet. And then one cup of coffee. So you don't concentrate. I don't know you, but I know my children.

Okay. There is another case. How about this? Input, 20% input produces 80% of outcome. Another 20%, also 80%. Another 20%, 80%.

And then he is 100%, this person is 400%. When Edison says 99% perspiration, effort, or sweat, he actually probably means this kind of effort, perspiration. Not the effort you are putting,

not the sweat or the work effort you are putting. I don't say all of you, but some of you must be genius, but I would say not all of you. So when Edison says 99% perspiration, then he probably means this kind of effort.

So everybody can do this. 80% of the people are actually in this form. This is what we say in Chinese letter, but we know what it means. Is it the right English?

It's an ordinary person. And then the GFT members. You should like this. This is a bean sprout. This is a bean tree.

Bean sprout and then bean tree. Both of them come from the same bean. Why it becomes bean sprout and it becomes bean trees? It takes a different path, a different way of going.

So if you really like this one, you have to choose this path, not this one. If you choose this one, you will become a bean tree rather than bean sprout. I don't say which one is better than the other, but you have to be determined.

Don't just move back and forth like this. Then probably you will produce some kind of a hybrid sort of a thing. Now this may be the last one. What is the function and the roles of GFT?

GFT is a very unique kind of a unit at the university. So you know that every department has its own graduate program. Material science and engineering department of this university has its own graduate program.

Mechanical engineering has its own graduate program. But there are still some different types of graduate programs like the GFT and then information technology graduate program, wind energy graduate program. I think there are about ten different special programs in this university

which has only graduate program, not the more undergraduate work. But GFT is still different from all the other graduate schools. Not all, most of the graduate schools. Because this graduate school offers not only the masters

but also the PhD degrees, specializing in steel. So this kind of graduate school is called, I don't know how to call it in English, but in Korean we call it Jeonmun Daewon. How do you call it? Do you have that kind of a graduate program? I don't have a special name.

Like medical school. Medical school has only graduate program. Law school, only graduate program. Business school, not only graduate, it's a graduate program. GFT is in the same kind of line in terms of organization or level.

So the GFT has its own unique mission and aim. Suppose industry production capacity. So the industry, let's take a POSCO as an example. POSCO produces steel, a number of different kinds of steel.

And then the POSCO also has its own R&D capacity. They have own the R&D research center. They provide some applied technologies to them. Probably they are not very much interested in the fundamental research because that is not the way they should go.

So what they do, you should find immediate application to the steel production. Now, the GFT is sitting here so that it produces some embedded technologies to them

and then supporting technologies to industry R&D. And then also it produces a kind of a breakthrough technologies. And then also, very importantly, GFT should produce high-caliber, well-trained manpower,

either in masters or PhD level. So the GFT has to have a very intimate relationship with industry, like medical school and law school and then the business school. They have, for instance, medical school has a very close interaction with hospital.

In fact, most of the professors at medical school are medical doctors of hospital. Law school, many professors in law school has good experience in the law practice, legal practice out there, before becoming law school professors.

Business school as well. So they are very close interaction with industry of their own area. So the GFT should always keep in mind that we are, our outcome should be useful for the steel industry.

Otherwise, the GFT cannot find its foot ground because out there in the post-it, there are many departments that have taught their own graduate schools.

I'm sorry that the, who are not Korean here, it's particularly to Chinese students. This is China. This is the Chinese two letters which Chinese people call themselves.

This is the center and then this is, I don't know how to interpret, prosperity. Center of prosperity of everything. Culture, science, technology, power.

So the China has been the center of everything. And then there are many, many people living around. So unfortunately, they call all these people a barbarian. This is the Chinese letter to indicate the barbarians living in northern part of China.

Western part, this is a Mongolian. This is a Tibetan. This is from Vietnam in that area, southern part of China. Unfortunately, this letter is used to indicate the Korean.

And then this letter, in China they used to say the metal. So when you combine these two together, metal and Korean, and this is the steel made in Korea. I'm not joking, this is really the letter for steel in China, but they don't use this letter these days.

If you look up the dictionary, so you can find this one. And then it would say that this is one of the old letters for steel. So this seems to indicate that our ancestor in Korea, Korea used to be quite good in steel making.

So we should, those Korean guys should be proud of being students in GFT. And then all those students who came from other countries, you should be proud of studying in the country which used to be very strong in steel.

Thank you, thank you very much. Thanks so much, I'm very appreciative, rather say very moved by your passion in steel.

Thank you so much. I think it's a very good chance to not only the researcher about GFT life or anything, if you want to say something to build out of GFT. Any question, any comment is quite welcome.

Oh, you start again? Okay, please.