The global trade landscape has been changing, with rising protectionist pressures: What are the implications for CESEE countries, where export-led growth has often been supported by increasing globalisation and involvement in global value chains (GVCs)? How similar or dissimilar are these economies in terms of their global and regional trade integration, their GVC participation, and the importance of trade for their growth models? What role does EU/euro area membership play? Are CESEE countries adjusting to the new developments? What could be the main changes in their trade models? Are they becoming less dependent on parent companies and global shocks? How are local suppliers performing? Is there scope for more trade integration at the regional level? What could be the potential impact of protectionism on confidence, welfare, productivity and competitiveness in the region? What are the main comparative advantages of the region? What are the resulting policy challenges and which measures and reforms should be adopted?