Build you own Quantum Computer @ Home - 99% of discount - Hacker Style !
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Transcript: English(auto-generated)
00:22
quantum computing. Well, most of you is just going to say, ah, that stuff is just for cracking RSA keys. But there is actually a little bit more to that. It's interesting stuff. And our next speaker, Yann Alain, is going to introduce this world of quantum
00:41
computing to us and he's going to show us a couple of application scenarios and how to build your, or our own, quantum computer. Yann? Hello everybody, guten tag, hello. This is the only word I know in Dutch. We will begin
01:08
this session by trying to convince you that building a quantum computer atom is still possible. This is the agenda. We are in an infrastructure security conference. Why
01:22
bother with quantum computing when we work at cyber security? We will try to explain to you in a simple manner how to, how a quantum computer works. We will explain to you how we build our own quantum computer. And of course, because we are CCC, we need
01:44
to know how to hack into a quantum computer. So let me introduce myself a little bit. Yes, so I'm Yann Alain, I'm French. I'm used to share my project with some security conferences, like the blackouts. I was a speaker and trainer in this type of conference.
02:03
It's the first time for me in CCC, so it's very cool. I'm mostly an entrepreneur, an engineer, and of course my new company, NetGenQ, which stands for Next Generation of Quantum Computers, is a quantum company. I work in the Afrasec security since 25 years
02:22
now, so I'm a veteran of this domain. I fight against I Love You, Verisys and Slammer Worm, if you remember those worms. And my past activities are related to software and hardware security. So, why bother with quantum computing when we work in cyber security?
02:46
If you want to make some difficult calculations on RSRK for example, to factor a large number on a classical computer, it will take 10 to the power of 334 steps, it's a big number,
03:10
and it will take on a normal computer 300 trillion of years. It's a long, long time. It's why we say that RSR is secure. On a quantum computer with a specific algorithm
03:26
called Shor algorithm, it takes only 10 to the power of 7 steps, it's a smaller number, and it takes only 10 seconds. However, you could think that this statement is a little
03:44
bit over-ripered. Yes or no? No, because Shor algorithm is able to break RSR. This is the goal of this algorithm in the human time. However, at the moment we speak, to break a big number with this algorithm, you need to have a much bigger quantum
04:07
computer that exists nowadays. For example, you need a 4000 ideal qubit quantum computer. It doesn't exist for the moment. However, quantum computing could be used also for some benefits
04:28
for our domain of infrastructure cybersecurity. There is many advantages on the corner. You can use a quantum computer or quantum technology to generate a true random number. This is useful
04:43
for cryptography. You can deploy what is called blind quantum computing. In fact, blind quantum computing is the ultimate privacy for the cloud, for example. Some guys try to launch what they call a quantum internet. It's not so easy at cable networks and with
05:04
a particular feature for us that could be cool to use. If you use a quantum internet, everyone that tries to spy you on the line will be detected. So it could be very useful.
05:22
And of course, quantum computing brings to the mass a massive new power of processing. But how does a computer work? This is the one slide quantum mechanicals. But why
05:42
does a fancy new quantum computer are so powerful? In classical computing, we use bits. A bit is only in two states, one or zero. In quantum computing, we replace the
06:00
bits by the quantum bits, which we call them qubits. These qubits follow the quantum mechanical principle called superposition. And this principle is able to provide to the user several steps at the same time. So if you use a quantum qubit, the qubit
06:27
could be in the state of zero and one nearly at the same time. It's not exactly what it is, but for us as a computer scientist, we could understand that it's a zero and one at the same time. And of course, if a quantum computer, this is a quantum computer,
06:49
wants to manage to deal with all these qubits, it deals with all the solutions of the quantum register at the same time. So it will speed up the process of data computing because you
07:05
take all the space generated by this quantum register and in one clock time, the computer process all solution. This is mainly why and how the quantum computing is so powerful.
07:25
So it's cool. So I want to build my own qubits. So this is my journey to build my own quantum computer. And you will see that there is some success and failure.
07:42
And most of the time, I'm in the middle of this. So I need to choose a technology to build my own qubits hardware. This talk is mainly about hardware, how to build
08:00
your own hardware, to build your own quantum computer. So my ingredients. I need to find a support at the hardware level that behaves like a quantum mechanic, say you need to behave to do a quantum computer. So I need to find something that behaves at atomic
08:20
scale. I need to be able to build it. So I want to be able to use my do-it-yourself skills. And I want that my quantum computer work at room temperature. If it could be a stable machine, it could be the best. There is many, many technologies to build
08:48
your own qubits. This one called superconducting qubits is used by small start-ups like IBM, Google. Mainly, the big ones use this technology. Microsoft tried to use this
09:08
technology. This technology with diamond vacancy is used by university in Australia in Ireland, I think. And of course, I use this technology. I use the technology called
09:27
trap iron. So I trapped iron to make a quantum computer. So my low level hardware support and device to do some calculation with my quantum computer is atom. Why? I
09:47
choose an atom to make some fancy new quantum computer. The main reason is because I think I am able to build it in my garage. It's an affordable and well-spread
10:01
technology because we use technology that has been developed in 1945. There is a lot of experience with this type of technology. And the main reason, in fact, the qubit quality is better than any other technology. We have a long Korean's time. If you have
10:22
a long, quantum Korean's time, you can make much larger program, for example. So we need to share a bit of theory to understand how this type of computer works. So I have a choice. I made a choice. I could have take time to make dozens of equations. Mainly
10:47
I don't understand those equations. To explain to you how to make some calculation with ions. But I found a video on YouTube and I would like to share you this two-minute only video to let you understand how, at the theoretical point of view, a quantum computer
11:05
based on ion trap works. Let's see if it works. Electrically charged atoms make for excellent qubits. This kind of research has paved the way for a quantum computer prototype. Like an ordinary bit, a qubit can be a one or
11:22
a zero. A qubit differs from a bit because it can also be in combinations of these two states. An ion qubit is made from two of its energy levels. Ions of the same type are identical, so adding more qubits is simple. You just need to add more ions to
11:40
the system. This is a major plus because a quantum computer will need lots and lots of qubits. Qubits must be configured in certain quantum states in order to perform quantum tasks. In an ion trap, tailored laser pulses can change the energy of an ion, setting it into qubits state one, zero, or a combination of the two.
12:07
The qubit's surrounding environment sometimes sneaks in and destroys the qubit state, a covert act that can ruin a computation. But some ion energy levels are naturally isolated, and scientists have come up with clever ways of adding in extra layers of protection.
12:24
Quantum computer calculations are made from steps called logic gates. This will often involve more than one qubit, which means the qubits should be connected in some way. In an ion trap, neighboring ion qubits are connected through their collective motion.
12:41
This happens because of their electrical repulsion. Laser pulses target the motion, enabling gates between any pair of qubits. To get the result of a calculation, scientists need to tell whether a qubit is in state one or zero. Shining laser pulses onto the ions makes only one of the two qubit levels fluoresce. So the result,
13:02
light or no light, gives information about the calculation. Because many qubits are needed, quantum devices must be designed to be scalable. Researchers can only cram so many ions next to each other in a single ion trap before they get too unruly. But with modules, each containing
13:20
tens or hundreds of ions, they can start to wire up a large-scale quantum computer. Light from individual ion modules can be collected, allowing ion qubits from separate modules to communicate using photons rather than their motion. So far, scientists have wired up two such modules, and they are getting ready to deploy larger devices using several more.
13:45
So now, congratulations. You are experts in ion trap quantum computing. A two-minute video only is necessary. However, we like to build this quantum computer. So the plan is the
14:04
following. We need some ions. You know that now. You need an ion trap. You need a vacuum chamber, because we need to isolate our atom from the environment to maintain the quantum state. We
14:21
need some laser, as you show in the video, to manipulate the quantum state. We need some low-level software to timely send the pulse of laser to manipulate the ions. And we need a camera to measure the ions and the quantum state. It's easy now. So let's go to the difficult part,
14:46
I think. Mainly, I would like to say that it's a work in progress. It's a good word to say that it doesn't finish. And just an alert, we need to manipulate very high-power electric voltages.
15:10
So if you want to do this atom, do it at your own risk. It's not my fault. So how to create,
15:21
first, we need to create an ion trap. How to create an ion trap? What is an ion trap? An ion trap is mainly a bunch of electrodes with specific 3D or 2D geometry. We send to the electrode medium to high-power voltage, AC voltage, alternative voltage, from 200 volt to
15:44
6 kilovolts. It's a big number for a voltage. We use moderate to high frequency. This is due to the trap theory. Someone have won the Nobel Prize to explain that to trap an atom,
16:04
you need to use an alternative voltage. And this electric voltage will make an electric field. And the goal of the electric field with the trap is just to maintain all the atom in a chain
16:20
that will float over the air, over the trap. So how to achieve that at a small company budget, let's say, because it's not for obese, I think. Let's go. So I use my ultra-high-tech
16:42
military-grade garage. I use 3D printer, local CNC machine, PCB milling techniques, only open-source software, key card, free card, flat cam, key card for the electronics, free card for the mechanic, and flat cam for the CNC. I use some high-voltage transformer,
17:06
classical electronics, and of course, isolated gloves, security first, safety first, sometime. And of course, I use eBay as a main procurement utility. First try. I need to make
17:29
a classical port trap. Of course, when I don't know how it works, I go to Google, and I find that some institution like CERN have a project to make an ion trap from 3D printed
17:44
ports. I use conductive ink and only high-voltage power supply. So I need to build this. There is the high-voltage here, two electrodes, and one ring electrode. The goal is to trap ions
18:06
with that. So this is the main laboratory I use. So you have a variac. We take the electric plug from your domestic electric network, the high transformer, and here, 3D printed,
18:23
you have two electrode and a camera. This is the electrode. It's a very safe wiring system. For safety reasons, I put some resistance here just to limit the current the first time.
18:50
In a more closer way, you will see that the high voltage is coming from this. We will apply the voltages to the electrode, and the camera is still just to see what the electrode would do.
19:12
It works. I'm succeeding in trapping some macroparticle. This is not ion for demonstration purpose, but we succeed to trap in the electrode some macroparticle. But we have a first failure
19:29
because with this geometry, we couldn't shine correctly the lyser to manipulate the quantum state. First failure. Second try, we need to make another ion trap based on a new topology,
19:46
a new geometry of electrode, and this time, we use a linear pole trap to facilitate the laser shining. So again, I need to design on my own this new type because the CERN don't
20:00
provide me the 3D printing parts. I use conductive ink and high voltages. So the goal is to design this. And in this trap, you will see that we will trap the ion in the chain in the middle of the trap. So I use my 3D printer. I make some rods,
20:29
the supports, some electrodes. I build all the system and I plug the cable, the wiring, and
20:41
the trap, the particle will be trapped in this region. For this second trap, I didn't use resistance to limit the current. So it's impossible to touch this electrode because of And it works again. And in fact, this is a chain of particles nearly clearly aligned.
21:24
And this is my first quantum register of eight particles. But this is the biggest failure. I need to put this ion trap in the vacuum chamber. A vacuum chamber is this type of thing.
21:42
It's a big bunch of metal. And we put the ion trap inside this. However, first, why we need a vacuum chamber is to be able to isolate particles
22:03
from the other atom in the atmosphere to avoid collision between atoms. Because if we have collision between atoms, the quantum state is destroyed and the quantum processing is destroyed also. So we need a vacuum chamber. But 3D printing parts are not compatible with
22:25
ultra-high vacuum environments. So it's a big fail. Are we doomed? Maker is a hard job, really. So we need to find a new solution. We have found one. So I need to find some
22:42
materials that are compatible with ultra-high vacuum environments to build an ion trap. I asked the NASA because NASA sent electronic in space. Space is like a big vacuum chamber.
23:05
So they have a list of material publicly available to be able to use some material that are compatible with a space condition. They are professional. So what are the
23:21
candidates, the material candidate for my ion trap? I need to use some gold for electronic conductor. I need to use ceramic for mechanical supports and captain cable for wiring inside the vacuum chamber. So Maker is really, really a hard job because I need to find
23:45
an idea to transform my 3D 3D printer or linear ion trap to something that is compatible with ultra-high vacuum environments. So I need to read the manual.
24:02
There is a lot of literature on computer, on Google, on internet. So I have a bunch of books about quantum mechanics and this research paper are full of detail. I found this. Some guys
24:24
succeed to transform a linear power trap with road to a planar ion trap with planar or school. So I need to transform this to that. Oh boy. I need to make my own ship.
24:52
Price for a complete chip factory is around 200 million dollars. I call Intel. They don't
25:01
want to sell me one. And it's a bit out of my budget scope. A bit. Land sync is five minutes to find a solution. In fact, it took me two months to find an affordable solution to do that.
25:21
So I ought to make a new design like a boss of ion trap. I use a CNC, a $300 CNC, come from Amazon. And then I found an empty ceramic chip carrier on eBay from a no virgin guy. And I designed a simple keycard PCB. So I use this. This is the ceramic chip support.
25:49
And what you see in yellow, it's gold. I designed a keycard, this PCB. And this time, we apply electric field, high voltage electric field to this electrode, this one, and those
26:04
one. And it creates an electric field to align all the macro particle or the ion in this line. And this is how I made my computer chip. Thank you. And the better is that it
26:37
works. So I have my first quantum computer done on my garage. And just keep calm and accept
26:56
I'm a boss. And it's not just a slide where because if you want to see one of my prototype,
27:05
I bring it so you can touch it and see how it works. But when you design such complex things, I'm not a physicist. I'm just an engineer, a crazy one. But how to be sure that I'm on the right
27:22
road. I went to the Science Museum in London a few months ago. And there's this exhibition from our friend of GCHQ. Do you know what GCHQ is? It's like the NSF or the UK.
27:41
And they made an exhibition about cryptography. And in this museum, they present a quantum computer based on ion trap technology. Thanks. This is the experimental
28:01
parts they show in this museum about quantum computer. In the right corner of this exhibition, there is a wafer. On the wafer, you have the electric design that they did down to make their own ion trap. This is the design of the GCHQ. This is mine.
28:27
I think I'm on the right road. Of course, I need to build my own vacuum chamber. It's
28:42
not the difficult part. The vacuum chamber is just metal. You need some nuts, bolts, stainless metal and pumps, a lot of pumps to suck out all the air in the vacuum. So I bought different types of pumps. I like my vacuum chamber, this one, pretty one.
29:02
And I put the ion trap inside the vacuum chamber. And for now, I'm working on the laser and optical setup. And this is the main difficult part for this quantum computer. Because we use fancy, numerous wavelengths for laser, and we need to have a very precise
29:23
wavelength to be able to manage all the atom, the energy level of the atom to make some calculation. So of course, I could have, and I have, I have asked some professional of these devices to send me some proposal. A laser costs around 25 kilo euro at least for this type of
29:50
instrumentation. Or you can do it yourself from two kilo euros. So I decided to make my own
30:02
laser setup. I'm not a laser optical or laser specialist. The first time I played with laser, and there is, everything is on the web. You can learn everything with the web. And I found this type of schematic. You just have a laser diode, some fancy optical lens,
30:27
a grating mirror that let you choose or mainly choose what the reference frequency you want to use it. There is a sort of loop control with a PID
30:42
control, which is for an electronician like me, a normal thing to do. I don't know why all those fancy commercial products cost a lot. I don't know yet. Perhaps I will have some failure in the future, but I don't know. So I asked a guy on internet that
31:07
sold me a laser in kits. You can buy and mount your own laser. And this laser is controlled by an Arduino. So you have fancy mirror, the H-E-N-E
31:24
helium-neon laser tube. And you can make your own laser at home also. I need a bunch of optical amounts and supports to support the lens, the mirror, etc. And as I bought a 3D printer for my ion trap that I cannot use anymore because
31:47
I use a vacuum chamber, I used the 3D printer to make all the optical mounts, in fact. So it saved me my money again. However, you need to know that it's still a long
32:01
road to have a complete computer because I need to set up all these fancy optical and laser. This is my job at the moment. Nearly I have six months to do one year of work. But the good news is that at the software level, everything exists. If you need to have a
32:22
compiler to make your code, it exists at the moment. It's open source. If you need to have a programmer to make some pulse and laser control, it exists. And it is open source. So I'm trying to convince you, let me know if you agree with me, that doing a quantum
32:46
computer at home is doable. I agree. But we are at the CCC. How to work into a quantum
33:05
computer. This is the fun part. It's easy. Just do what we do when we are infosec guy. Do the same things we do, as usual, hack the weakest list.
33:24
You must know that when you build a quantum computer, there is few things that behave in the quantum mechanical regime. You just only need this chip, for example, and some laser.
33:42
But all the equipment surrounding the quantum parts of the quantum computer is a classical system. This is a wave generator, a classical computer, some IoT, some industrial systems. Sometimes they have IP address. If they have IP address, they are
34:05
vulnerable. So the main avenue to hack into a quantum computer is to hack the surrounded classical embedded system. So a small company that is a competitor of me, it's a startup called
34:25
IBM. They use superconductive technology to build their own quantum computer. Their processor is just behind this delusion refrigerator because they need to cool down
34:42
their processor to be able to use the superconducting capability. This is a very good video to understand how it works. Surrounded this quantum part
35:07
of their quantum computer, you have a bunch of instruments. If you zoom in, you see. If you zoom in this wave generator, it's a wave generator to send pulse to the superconducting
35:29
processor. There is a sticker. And this sticker, in fact. So of course, for security reasons, I
35:56
make some x to not show the complete password. So as a conclusion, I'm trying to convince you
36:12
that quantum computing and quantum computer are always doable at home. So for cyber security or so-called cyber security specialists, you need to adapt your own risk analysis
36:26
because it's doable at home. Just understand that. It's doable at home. All these quantum computers will be used for good, bad, and ugly. Just remember,
36:44
GTSQ has a prototype in a museum. It would have fun if I could have seen the production quantum computer of the GTSQ. Of course, quantum computers are capable of any normal computer,
37:06
so it's a good news for the cyber security industry. But as a community of makers in CCC, we need to be prepared to learn how to use them, how to hack them, how to program them.
37:21
At the software level, you need to unlock your classical brain, the classical software brain, because if I want to mention something at the software level, if you want to do some quantum codes, you need to be able to use your code without any variables. You can't use
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variables in quantum codes because if you use variables, you make a copy of a quantum state. Making a copy of a quantum state is impossible. So you can't use them to make variables or use
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a variable in your program, and you can't debug it. Because if you debug it, you make a measurement. If you make a measurement, you destroy the quantum state. So be prepared to unlock your brain to be able to make some code in the quantum world. But it's fun, sometimes.
38:24
Thanks for your attention, and if you have any questions, it will be a pleasure. And as I'm French, I need to have a two-hour lunchtime.
38:50
We have a lot of time now for questions and answers. Line up at the microphones, please, and let's have a look if there's something from the internet. Yes, there is. So please,
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first one from the internet. Where is the internet? All right. The internet's quite impressed by your talk, so that's just a statement. Everyone's very happy and pleased with your talk. Thanks to the internet. All right. You have a few questions. The first one is, what properties should the element
39:26
be chosen for the ion trap? What, sorry? So what are the properties that should be looked at for choosing the element for the ion trap? What atom, I think the person asked, what atom are used? I used the atom from calcium,
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because those atoms have a specific, because there is a lot of literature available, so it's easy for me to understand how it works. Research, I've done all the work before,
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and I used the atom because there are some energy level in this atom that it's protected by, it's better protected from the environment. Okay, let's quickly switch to microphone number three. Thank you for, thank you for your talk. My question is, what's the catch?
40:27
If your design already exists in prototypes out there, and it seems so much easier than working with superconductors, then why isn't everyone already doing this? Why someone choose
40:41
superconducting and not ion trap technologies? Is that your question? Correct. I don't know. Every time there is this type of question, why the big one use superconducting technology, and why are you using ion trap technology? Mainly the answer could be that's the big one
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is from the microelectronic domain, so a superconducting qubit is done on a wafer, so it's usual for this type of company to be able to build this type of qubits.
41:21
I think it's just an habit. Okay, thank you. Okay, microphone number two, please. Okay, I'm very impressed, but okay, you mentioned that hobbyists can't really afford this, a small company can, so just as a ballpark figure I would like to ask the question. Nice, how much? All I show you here, it cost only less than 15 kilo of euro
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of material for the moment. It is not for hobbyists, it's for small company. Okay,
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one question from the internet. Signal engine, please. All right, the next question is, is your next step going to be singling out individual ions? Sorry, can you repeat?
42:22
Would your next step be singling out individual ions for your next step in your quantum computer? We try to manipulate single ions, but in fact it's the goal with laser. With laser, you shine a laser of individual qubits, and with another laser you make a link
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between the ions with the common motion of the ion chain, and you change the state of an individual ions, you transfer the state of this individual ions to the chain, which move because ions are electrically charged, so they repulse each other, and this acts as a bus,
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and you transfer the quantum state information to a second ion to make a logic. So the goal effectively is to be able to manipulate one ion. We shine a laser on the individual atoms.
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This is the goal. Okay, microphone number four, please. Google announced recently that they achieved quantum supremacy. What is your opinion on this
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theme? They've done a very good job for that. I think they show to the world for the first time that a quantum computer is able to do a calculation that a classical computer will never
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be able to do in the classical world. However, is that calculation useful? I'm not sure, except for one thing, it's able to certify the randomness of a number,
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and it could be useful for the cyber security world. So it's, I think, and for my company, I have no money to spend to marketing thanks to Google, because they show the world the power of quantum computers, so it's cool for me. Okay, microphone number two, please.
44:46
Hello, thanks for the nice talk. I'm a material scientist from offline Giesen. Maybe you heard about our incident here. I was asking, what are your current problems with this? For example,
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I think I have too many questions to ask here now, but for example, we saw that you had some little pellets that were floating over your structure, but these are not the atoms that you are trying to confine with each other, so you can make calculations. So you didn't tell anything about how you are trying to achieve this, and what is your current state? I mean,
45:24
could you even start some crude calculations on this already? Not for the moment, because I need to shine the laser in the right direction. So for the moment, I'm building the optical setup. Okay, all right. Maybe there are some possibilities how I could help you with your project.
45:44
You're welcome. I have access, if I could ask the right people, I'm not in the position to promise something to you now, but for example, we have a nanoscribe laser system with this, like a 3D printer, but you can build things on nanometer scale. What is the cost to use it?
46:05
The cost of the printer is around 300,000 euro. I take it. All right. Thanks for your help. Maybe after the talk we can get in contact. Oh yes, we have a dinner. All right. Two new friends actually. Question from the internet, please.
46:35
All right. So how many qubits is it possible to make in the garage?
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For the prototype, we think we are able to do some 10 to 15 qubits with one iron trap. The goal is to change the iron trap. So we have many, not as many as we want, but we could
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rise the number of qubits to 100 qubits. Okay, microphone number three, please. Which calculations do you plan to perform on your quantum computer? I don't care. I build things and software guys do their code. It's not my job.
47:28
Okay, microphone number four, please. There is somebody. Hello. So your optical setup reminded me of atomic force microscopes. Are you aware of what they are? Perhaps. They are essentially an optical setup with a nanomicroscale tip at the edge
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that rasters, that scans across the surface and can detect the nanoscale features. But the cool thing is that even though this is a scientific instrument, there's also open hardware designs for that. And maybe you can see the ideas from that for your optical setup,
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because once again, you've got the precise lasers, at least on the geometrical side, they have to be precisely aligned and everything. Thanks. Thanks for the information. And of course, we use a lot of spectrography techniques in this type of computer. Okay, we have somebody over there at microphone number three.
48:22
Did you consider optical quantum computers with entangled photons and such stuff? This was my first choice, in fact. However, as far as I know, I'm not a physicist.
48:40
It's difficult to make some entanglements, not entanglement, it's difficult to make some photon to talk to each other, let's say that. So it's a complicated way to do something with a multiple qubits. But photonic is a good technology because it works also at
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room temperature. But I prefer to have a vacuum chamber in my garage. Okay, let's interrogate the internet again. So you mentioned that you should not be doing measurements on the quantum computer.
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So have you tried doing any measurements on your prototype? Measurement of what? This is hard. I think the internet cannot really reply now. So can we... The internet is limited.
49:44
I think we cannot really... If the guy that asked the question will want to send me the question, I can answer just after. Are you talking about electric field? No, I just, I don't make any measurement. I'm an engineer and as I'm a good engineer, I just plug things and just see what happens.
50:08
I have no idea of the electric field generated, no idea. Again. Okay, microphone number two, please.
50:21
Hello, thank you for the talk. So after you generate the vacuum in your vacuum chamber, how do you actually introduce the right number of ions and how do you keep them in the place when it happens? It's a good question. In fact, we don't introduce the ions. We put a calcium stone,
50:43
sort of calcium stone in a sort of oven, just a tube. We send current in this tube, this tube hits the calcium, they make some vapor and we shine a laser on the vapor of a neutral atom of calcium and this creates the ions.
51:00
This ion is trapped because it's now electric charged by the electrostatic field we made with the ion trap. So we just introduced before closing all the vacuum viewport and all the nuts and bolts, we just put a piece of stone of calcium, neutral atom.
51:20
So everything is in the chamber before we turn on the quantum computer or the chamber. Okay, we stay at microphone number two, there is another one. Okay, second question. What you're describing is you have a linear
51:40
array of, right now, macroscopic particles, you will have a linear array of ions that are then coupled by kind of common vibrational modes, so they need to see each other's electrical fields. So I am wondering what the characteristic length scale between macroscopic particles versus
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ions would be if you want to have some meaningful vibrational modes that don't immediately get drowned in external thermal noise. So if I understand correctly the question, you ask me what is the dimension between the ions? Yes, I mean you are pretty big compared to the IBM guys.
52:24
Yes, I'm big. Yes, you're right. The main dimension we use between ions is few microns. And if some researcher succeeds to align 100 ions, so you have a chain of
52:48
100 ions multiplied by 5 to 10 microns between ions. This is the length. But I mean on your substrate you have a fraction of a millimeter. Yes, it's because it's prototype.
53:04
Okay. You're right, I need to squeeze the design a little bit. Okay. I just need to buy a better CNC machine.
53:20
I have one. Okay, we got some questions from the internet again. All right. So this one is, this is more towards knowing about the GCHQ exhibition. Is it still open? Do you know?
53:40
Yes, I think. You have a free ticket if you want. It's free. In fact, it's free. I guess people will contact you on Twitter for that. Yeah, and make some touristic business or so. I can't help. Everyone was impressed with your GCHQ hat. Okay, any more questions? How many people are working in your garage?
54:04
There is me and sometimes one of my daughters, which is 10 years old. Pro team? Yeah, a big one. Okay, any more questions from the audience? From the internet, we have time.
54:23
Okay, I'm gonna close that session now. Thank you very much. Big applause again for Jan.