a home among the stars: Galina Balashova, architect of the soviet space programme
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Computeranimation
Transkript: Englisch(automatisch erzeugt)
00:05
Our final talk, Aurora, is going to give a presentation on Galina Balichova, who was the main designer and main architect of the Soviet space program. Aurora, the stage is yours.
00:27
Thank you all for coming here to this talk that was just scheduled yesterday, so I'm really surprised that so many people showed up. Just in case you're surprised, I gave exactly the same talk last year,
00:42
and I'm just doing it again because people were asking me to do it again because it was on the stage at KLSON and it was not recorded, so a lot of people were sad that they missed out and they wanted to see it again, so I'm just doing the same thing as last year, same procedures every year.
01:02
Yes, so the talk is about Galina Balichova, who is an architect and who worked for the Soviet space program for close to 40 years and designed all the major space capsules and spacecrafts of the Soviet space program,
01:26
and this is a quote by her, she says that space stations are, yes, architecture built amidst zero gravity, so I'm going to tell you a bit about her life and then it's going to be like a lot of nice concept art of the spacecraft
01:45
and some pictures of the finished products. So Galina Balichova has a very ordinary Russian life, she was born in the early 30s,
02:02
did I write it down? Yeah, to aristocrat family that lost everything in the revolution, so she grew up in working class conditions, but because her father had a background in more classical literature and art,
02:25
he sent her to painting lessons from a pretty young age and while she learned to paint from a formerly famous painter in pre-revolution Russia, she discovered that she really liked designing things, so after she graduated from high school, she decided to become an architect
02:47
and she was one of the few women who got into the Moscow Architectural Institute, so the main architectural university in the Soviet Union and she was mainly accepted because the professors thought that her art was really good
03:05
and they really liked the concept and so the thing is how did she end up designing the space program, she married an engineer who was working for the space program and at some point she and her husband moved to, I have it somewhere here,
03:27
to Korolev or back then Kaliningrad which is one of the secret cities of the space program, it's commonly known as the Star City, it's near Moscow, it's where all the cosmonauts and nowadays also astronauts go for training
03:41
and she was looking for a job basically because she was staying with her husband and they were in the secret city and she needed a job and she got a job as the only architect at OKB-1, which was the experimental design bureau of Sergei Korolev, the main figure behind the Soviet space program at the time
04:03
and in the beginning she was employed as an architect, so she did the usual things, it was basically a whole city and a city needs planning, so she designed things like the cultural hall, normal apartment buildings for the workers
04:23
and yeah, then we got this, this is an American spacecraft, I think this is the Gemini and after the first space flight by Yuri Gagarin, the space programs of the Soviet Union and the United States
04:46
were competing to bring people into space for longer time periods, so this Gemini spacecraft was in space for 14 days and you can kind of see the problem, you have two people in there for 14 days
05:01
and this small thing, they can't move, there's no space, it's really not a nice experience to be stuck into this thing for two weeks and so Sergei Korolev, the chief designer of the Soviet space program decided that the cosmonauts needed a more normal life,
05:24
so yeah, that they could be more comfortable in space while doing their work and they basically designed this, which we still see and use today, the Soyuz, the Soyuz is compromised of three capsules, you have the technical module in the back,
05:41
you have in the middle, it's the landing capsule, it's the thing you usually see when the cosmonauts or astronauts return to Earth, that's the thing that returns and the important thing for this talk is the thing on the left, that round thing is the orbital module, so the cosmonauts start in the landing capsule
06:03
and once they are in space, they can open a hatch between those two and then they access the orbital module where they carry out their work and which is also designed to include some leisure space so you can relax while you're in space and that was Korolev's idea, so he sent his engineers to work
06:24
because there were only engineers working at this design bureau, also I think almost all of them were male engineers and they came up with something really terrible which you probably know from open source software because engineers are not really good at designing things sometimes,
06:42
even though they think, well this makes perfect sense, it's all there, but it's like aeronomics and all that, so sadly there's no picture of what they came up with but we are told it was very symmetrical and they painted everything bright red,
07:03
and it's not really a relaxing atmosphere to spend several weeks in space, so Sergei Korolev got mad, he screamed at some people and he sent them to get him somebody who could do this job to design this thing properly
07:22
and that's when one of the people working for him in the bureau remembered that they already had an architect on their payroll in OKB1, so there's no need to hire somebody else, so they got Galina Balashova and asked her to design the interior of the orbital module
07:44
and she says it was very hard for her because nobody really told her anything because everything was top secret and she had to have her meetings in the staircase of the building because she was not allowed to go into the bureau itself because she did not have the security clearance,
08:03
so she spent one weekend and she came up with this, which is very different from what the engineer said in mind, she describes the thought process as well you obviously need a divan, she calls it, to sit down and you obviously need this cupboard thing on the other side to store your things
08:26
and to have an ergonomical surface and yeah, now this might look ridiculous but Sergiy Korolev, he really liked it, the only thing he didn't like, a redesign and so she made a redesign, this is version two,
08:50
this was almost approved except for some small changes and we can see here this is the final design, which is just some fabric choices and some rearrangements of things
09:03
and this was actually built in 1964 and this thing flew to space because it's a really good design if you think about it and the interesting thing is that nobody had done that before because nobody had been to space before except in those really tight and cramped space capsules,
09:25
so there wasn't really any reference point to say how do we actually design an interior for zero gravity and her idea was this basic spherical design that we have this cupboard
09:40
where there's the instruments, where there's the equipment and there's the food storage and on the right side we have this divan where the cosmonauts can lie down and which also has storage space and there's equipment hidden under it
10:03
and yeah, another important thing is you need a very balanced weight distribution because yeah, you can't put all the weight on one side so you have to have it kind of symmetrical but not 100% symmetrical like the architect, the engineers did
10:21
and she was also thinking about the psychological effects so you need to choose more friendly colors and you need to stick to a color scheme for example, the floor is a different color than the ceiling which you might think might not matter if you're in outer space and there's no gravity anyway
10:42
but your brain needs a reference point and she figured it out pretty early on NASA hasn't figured it out till today I think so as an anecdotal thing there's a lot of cases of space sickness with astronauts space sickness is basically like sea sickness just the other way around
11:05
so your eyes detect movement but your body says you're not really moving something's wrong so you get sick and you puke and it's not really good because puke and zero gravity is not a nice thing to have so she came up with this and this is really helps because
11:24
you can orient yourself and the effects are less severe and yeah here's some more sketches you also need to design for space requirements if you have one cosmonaut or if you have two cosmonauts or three cosmonauts and those are proposals for these things so
11:46
these are all original drawings that were reviewed by a design bureau and approved so all of these went into production problem is we don't really have a lot of things a lot of pictures of the final result I'm gonna show you some later of the finished story of capsules but
12:03
most of these were prototypes and they did not really survive yes so she did everything in watercolor and this is a very basic design of the cupboard part where you can see the instruments and the navigation equipment in the upper right corner there's a drinking fountain
12:24
to the left the storage space for the camera and there's also storage space for the flight manuals yeah this is the other thing with the radio and some controls and a lot of buttons and
12:41
I don't really know what they all do but yes this thing went through several design iterations yeah so this is basically the design of the first story of spacecraft it flew to space in that configuration in that design and yeah Korolev really liked it and this
13:03
was like her first job designing a spacecraft and they were not really sure if they needed her anymore but they decided to rehire her for the second project which is what came after the Soyuz it's the moon orbital spacecraft so the spacecraft that was designed to fly to the moon
13:28
from 1964 to 1968 the whole project was abandoned in 68 because the United States won the space race they landed on the moon Sergei Korolev died was yeah the whole project didn't
13:44
really work out but the spacecraft itself already had a finalized design there were finalized prototypes and this time she was not just a consultant but she was really hired and got a fixed position at OKB1 as a senior engineer in the design team
14:06
problem was that she was not really an engineer but they did not have any design or architect positions in OKB1 and it's pretty hard to just come up with a position like that if you
14:22
have to stick to five-year plans and all that so she was hired as an engineer and to make it seem less suspicious she also had to do engineering so she had to work and do the load calculations and things like that and design position of instruments yeah so at that
14:45
time she was a full-time engine senior engineer working for the soviet space program and she stayed in that position until i think 91 so yeah 40 years this is some more pictures of the um moon orbital spacecraft where you can see that she stuck to the basic design that she
15:08
came up with for the zeros but the whole thing was a bit bigger and you needed to transport more equipment and yeah i'm just gonna show you some pictures
15:20
um yeah this is another design proposal for the moon orbital spacecraft which is a bit different um yeah the interesting thing is that these things look very 60s because obviously interior design on earth reflected interior design in space and yeah she worked alone on this
15:49
because she was the only architect in the whole thing and she had a lot of freedom in what she did in her words a nice thing about the job was that none of the engineers didn't really
16:02
understand what the hell she was doing there so they didn't really interfere because to them it was irrelevant and they didn't really think what she did was important at all in their mind she only had to select colors so she says the engineers were always really
16:20
mystified when she came to them and asked how are the dimensions of the whole thing what do you have in mind where what equipment do we need to put in there um yeah because they figured oh she's just she's just doing the carpet in the thing and nothing else matters while in fact she was designing the position of everything the economics of everything um yeah so a lot of a lot of freedom um engineers did the last word when it came to
16:45
technical aspects because that's their job but apart from that she was pretty free to do how she pleased and yeah again this is another sketch for the moon orbital spacecraft
17:00
so because we have no gravity um she designed this whole thing without a clear floor and ceiling so you can access most things from both sides no matter if you like from this viewpoint upside down um but still there was this distinct color scheme so you always knew what way you
17:21
were looking and yeah this was oh no that's the wrong one sorry yeah this was the moon orbital spacecraft um the prototype was built the final thing was never built obviously because the Soviets never made it to the moon and yeah after that she was rehired or she stayed in
17:44
the position and got a new project the new project was the Soyuz-T which is the second generation of the Soyuz which you can see here again she stuck to the basic design again with the cupboard thing she calls it a cupboard it's just her words and the
18:05
divan on the other side and again with a very clear color scheme and yeah she was also in charge of choosing the materials so the whole thing is padded in fabric so that if you hit your
18:21
head you yeah it's soft and not just hard metal and so part of her job also included calling all the fabric factories around the Soviet Union to find a matching fabric that had to be uh non-flammable non-toxic um so behinds for the people who did build up here
18:43
and yeah also she decided to use enamel for the metal surfaces because it cleans up easier and it's a more pleasant design and yeah in her words the engineers did never consider that
19:02
cosmonauts really need to sleep in space and might need to divan or that they need a cupboard store things to them it was just this technical thing of okay we build a spacecraft that can fly to space that's all we need we don't really need ergonomics we don't really need storage space um but she was um working closely with the did i skip one yeah uh she was working closely
19:30
with the cosmonauts so every time the cosmonauts returned from space she would talk to them and were there any problems with the things um is there anything we could do better
19:44
one example is this divan thing so it's built for the cosmonauts to sleep on because even if you're in space just floating around while sleeping is not very good because you will eventually hit the wall or something and it's not very comfortable um so the first iteration of
20:03
divan was um very rough fabric that velcro would stick on so the cosmonauts had soon velcro pads into the spacesuits and they could just lie down and they would stick to the divan um
20:21
yeah the cosmonauts that came back from that space first spaceflight told her that yeah it was nice but we had some problems because we lost our pants because the pants stuck really good to the velcro and so the second design iteration was of just normal belts so you would
20:40
lie down and put a belt over yourself so you wouldn't float around um yeah and also she designed the whole interior thing so um for example also the ways to how can we affix the
21:03
at first um just glued the fabric down all around and she came up with a way to make that whole thing easier and lighter by just using tape um so she made the sawyer space module nine kilograms lighter just by coming up with a better way to affix the fabric
21:24
which would have given her a lot of money because all the engineers were promised a lot of money if they could make this thing lighter and she made it nine kilograms lighter but she never got that money because um the engineers were like well we did that she's just an architect she's not the engineer it was our idea um so you yeah it's just a basic sexism thing that we
21:46
also had in the soviet space industry in the 60s um yeah this is the final design for the exactly like that um afterwards she was also hired to do the uh landing module so not just
22:06
the orbital module she did before um yeah same thing she came up with basic design with these uh with a improved design for the bucket seats so they already had the bucket seats but the color scheme and the economics and arrangement of the instruments are all her work
22:26
and it's still pretty much used in the same way today um yeah just gonna go on here this is uh something special this is the soios apollo orbital module there were several um
22:40
missions uh where um soviet space crews and american space crews met in space and docked their vehicles together and it was a pretty big thing for um cold war relationships when cosmonauts and astronauts would shake hands in outer space
23:05
so this needed some design changes because the whole thing was going to be broadcast live from tv so there were a lot of things would change to have better lightning and to have better cameras in there and also the colors were changed because um the first design was with red colors
23:26
but that did not really look good um on camera so they changed the fabric to green and as she was she recalled she was really proud when um i like to say leonoff um the
23:43
famous famous soviet cosmonaut he was the first person to take a spacewalk and he was also the commander of the first so yes apollo mission and when he came back he um gave an interview in moscow and he told the newspapers that well now that i've seen the uh apollo spacecraft and
24:04
i really like it but you know i just i just think our so your spacecraft is really really way better it's so much more structured it's it's so wonderfully thought out and she was really proud of that because she was this famous cosmonaut praising her work and saying that it's so much
24:23
better than the apollo um so now we're getting to the pictures of the real thing this is galina balashova in the finished uh so yes apollo orbital module and she did a lot of work in those modules she had to test everything out before it went to space because it's um
24:43
yeah really not good if you find bugs in your design while you're in outer space and yeah like i told you she always saw listen to the feedback from the cosmonauts they were complaining about other things besides the thing with losing their pants there were problems with
25:02
toilets it was really uncomfortable because you basically have a small cupboard compartment down there where there's this suction device because you don't want p floating around in space that's really not nice and the cosmonauts said it was really uncomfortable so she designed that also like redesigned it and she added mosquito nets because
25:28
uh cosmonauts wished for mosquito nets because small things would float around in space and hit you in the head which is not nice and also better they wish for a better place for
25:41
to store documents like flight manuals and technical documents because the original place was okay but not really good to reach if you need some book really fast because you're having a situation um yeah this is her testing out a new belt system for yeah for keeping your
26:04
pants on in space um yeah also the you have to keep a lot of things in mind so it might seem like a simple job but it's not you also have to choose your materials in a way that no condensate can form because the water from the from your breath will eventually condensate
26:25
somewhere and it's really not good if it happens in some electrical modules where you're in outer space um yeah the other thing is that she also tried to choose colors that would make a friendly impression on the cosmonauts so this is a nice place i want to be in this place
26:44
not everything clinical white or bright red um yes now we're getting to something that's still in space that's still designed by here this is one of the first sketches for the mere core module for the mere space station um from 1967 to 1987 she was on a project to
27:07
design the original solute space air space stations and this thing was mostly designed by engineers and she just got to this um no sorry yeah this
27:24
thing was designed by her she also did the work for the buran which is the soviet equivalent to the space shuttle program and for that one she only did the fabric and color choice choice but for the mere she did a lot of things and again to compare to nasa's work
27:44
at the same time the first solute space stations went into service the nasa had skylab and skylab didn't didn't have any architects they thought about hiring some but there was a critique from the astronauts because the astronauts were like we don't need
28:03
architects in our space program we don't want them what the hell is wrong with you um so they did not hire any architects and yeah just gonna the quality is really bad i think but this is um the interior of the mere core module um
28:22
she decided to um create two very distinct working spaces in this module so this is the long as she called it which is more like the area to hang out in to eat to
28:41
do your normal life stuff while you're in space and so she chose a blue and green color scheme to have a pretty warm color scheme for yeah yeah recreation areas and this is the other part of the station this is the um work area um this is more of a blue color scheme because
29:07
yeah so you can focus while you're working um and her first idea was that she wanted way more windows windows in this thing but the engineers did not really like that
29:21
because there are two two ways you can design this core module and one would have been with the way it was designed with this longitudinal axis the other one would have been to make basically several floors of it but it would have been really impractical to build but if that way would have been chosen you would have been able to make windows on the outside
29:46
but yeah so the final design just got some very small windows um yeah and yeah she also had this engineering alibi job where she also had to do engineering to
30:03
um yeah so she could stay in her position as a senior engineer so for example she did uh she designed the position of the stabilizers which is the picture you see on the left so that the yeah space station would be stabilized by another space and another thing she did
30:25
because she was the only um artist and architect working for the space program she also did the typography design for the whole thing so whenever you've seen a Soviet flag on something the placement was carefully chosen by her on the Sawyer's capsules on the Mir on the
30:44
Buran and this for example is a typography of the Buran program um yeah and another thing that she did was she did these watercolor paintings because she used to do watercolor
31:04
paintings in her free time and she decided that cosmonauts would need something to remind them of the home so each um so your spacecraft and also the side of stations had a small watercolor painting by her in a small frame on the wall somewhere so you could look at it and remember
31:26
how nice it was back home in the soviet union and yeah there were landscapes there were snowflakes and the black sea and she was the first artist who got her pictures to outer space
31:42
which is quite an achievement um another part of her work included the flight penance for commemoration of the space missions because again she was the only architect that the only artist that worked for the space program that already had all the security clearance that
32:03
knew what was going on and also they didn't really want to hire anybody else because we already have one so she can do everything so she also did these for 40 years and she also did logos for the missions this is the Sawyer's Apollo logo which was got really famous and
32:24
was used a lot for a lot of merchandise um she's still a bit bitter about that because the administration forced her to sign over the rights to the administration because it's socialism after all and we shouldn't have like one artist get all the praise for
32:44
this this is obviously it's a community thing um which in the end led to American some American guy claiming the copyright and getting a lot of money for it and her getting nothing
33:00
yeah here we have some more flight penance for different intercosmos things for cooperation between Japan and the Soviet Union and one for the Mir space station one for the um yeah and i'm gonna end this thing with some pictures from the
33:25
iss because you can see a clear difference here because this is the interior of this vista module on the iss um even though she was forced into retirement after the collapse of the Soviet Union so in i think 91 because ross cosmos didn't want to keep her on the payroll
33:45
um her design still made it to the iss because the first module of the iss was a repurposed backup module for the Mir so uh she still designed that one which you can also
34:00
clearly see even though it's like pretty cramped after all these years you can still see there's a distinct color scheme with the floor well yeah it's not really a floor because you're in outer space but the one part being a different color than the ceiling and the walls having a different uh distinct color thing um here's another picture of the other side of the module
34:24
um yeah again you can see there's a clear color scheme going on and now for comparison this is the iss destiny module designed by nasa where people uh often get space sickness because yeah it's way harder to orient yourself in this so yeah she worked for the program for 40 years
34:46
and her designs are still in use and because she was the first to ever do something like that and she came up with a lot of really good stuff that we still use for the soios for the mir for basically everything we designed today for outer space still is inspired by her and i'm
35:08
so she's saying she's living in a prefab building or platten bow as you call it in in in germany and she says it's basically the same thing as living in the mir or the iss because yeah
35:22
it's uh designed for the technical requirements set out by engineers but what you do with it and how you decorate your interior and how you make the most of it this is done by artists so yeah the mir space station and her living room uh basically have something in common yeah
35:43
that's my talk thank you for listening so thank you thank you for your talk
36:03
are there any questions oh over there i can see anything as bright light but is there maybe an ability to actually witness what one of those divan might have looked like in real life on this
36:26
worry area here uh yeah we built one so if you're interested um we built a replica based on original designs it's over there with chaos zone um it's not really the same thing but we we try to stick to to the original
36:46
designs somewhat um so that this this achievement can be more visible even at congress yeah any more questions i'm i have a really bright light in my face i can't see anything
37:06
hi um i was wondering um you said because of uh physiological things that it was still some like quite earth centric so you had a floor you had a ceiling and was everything built like also to be used in gravity um you had a divan which was flattened out um wasn't it a it seemed
37:25
for me um in space where you don't have gravity so where you could use all surfaces more it seemed quite as like a big loss of space to not use it um so is this like this space sickness thing so such a big thing that you can't say okay we can also put some panels on the ceiling
37:44
or stuff like this um yes so it was done more for um psychological purposes so you don't get disoriented so yeah i mean some of the things are designed to be used in any direction basically but the basic design was proper purposely made to be yeah kind of like gravity
38:07
centric like you said it was not used in gravity because the orbital the orbital modules would only be accessed once the spacecraft was in outer space um but yeah mostly psychological reasons i guess one other question uh is there some kind of uh style guide or a design uh guide
38:34
where her essence is brought into for current development of spacecraft or something like that
38:42
some heritage of her not really um the problem is that all this work was like stayed secret till the collapse of the soviet union um so it's really hard to find anything on it um there was an exhibition i think six or seven years ago and you can get a catalog from the
39:02
exhibition which has lots of original drawings in better quality than this presentation and also a very long interview with her and her recollections as her time working there so it's the closest thing you can get i think any more questions hello oh wonderful
39:37
is there a reason why the nasa didn't adapt the soviet design language for the newer
39:49
um spacecrafts um it's kind of complicated um one of the main reasons is that the soviet space program in the u.s space program had
40:03
one fundamental difference um so most of the astronauts of the u.s space program came from military backgrounds and were test pilots before something like that and they always wanted to have absolute control so like you maybe saw on the on the picture of the gemini spacecraft i had there's really a lots of controls and levers and everything while the soios has way
40:25
less and difference is that nasa spacecrafts are really designed that you have to do everything by hand while soviet spacecraft were designed that most of the things are really automated so the cosmonauts can't really do that much of course there are emergency things they can do
40:42
if something goes wrong but the basic principle is that almost everything from start to re-entry is automated and you don't really do a lot and the astronauts never really liked that nasa tried at some point to do it more automated because of course you can also make a lot of mistakes if you have to do everything manually and some mistakes happened where they were like
41:05
almost disasters because somebody forgot to push this switch or close this wall which would happen automatically in the soios modules which is also one of the reasons why the soios has a better safety record but the astronauts of the u.s program
41:24
are really skeptical about the soul we need to automate it thing so they also are very very skeptical about letting artists or architects work on this because to them everything has to be very very engineered and mechanical and like yeah no art no covers for your cables no
41:47
no homely feeling in space but just this more military thing so if it looks like a fighter jet they feel fine if it looks like a nice place to stay for two weeks they are like uncomfortable because i don't know where that cable is going or things like that so i think it's partly
42:03
because of this psychological reason so nasa tried to hire architects at some point in the early 90s again i think but again there was really no support in the structures because the astronauts think no we don't need that we are fine we're doing fine thank you very much
42:34
um hello the space shuttle was um very similar in the soviet union and america from at least from
42:45
the outside i think the soviets had something very similar um were the interiors very different then because the soviets have a different approach um probably the problem is we don't really um have any interiors to look at because um the final version of the
43:06
puran was never built so there were some flight test versions and one version that made one automated space flight but they never really finished the interior for the for the thing so we're not really sure what it's supposed to look like um i couldn't find any pictures of it
43:21
so galina balashova said that she did not do that much for it it was mostly designed by engineers and she just just chose the color scheme for the whole thing um i would be curious to know how the like is this whole topic like the interior design and being a bit more conscious
43:41
and and aware is this something that is nowadays caught up by the private firms that are building spacecraft and are designing spacecraft like space x and and the others also on the american side of things let's say are they considering this are they referencing this um you know stay a bit of a shift uh i don't really know about that i haven't really checked
44:05
um i really hope they do but my guess would be they probably don't because they're engineers and if it works it works no need for it to be comfortable but i guess they are going to do something if it's if they want to do it like for tourists or for the public
44:24
because then you can't really have this fighter jet interior they had in the in another program but i don't really know i'm sorry so i don't see any more questions so thank you very much aurora um what's it was a really nice talk and give her a round of applause