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Nanoscale switches for memorizing polymers

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Nanoscale switches for memorizing polymers
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To prevent accidents and damage, detection of materials failure ahead of of the breakdown of a construction is necessary. Especially the material failure in composites like particle or fiber reinforced polymers is a complex process. One solution is to fill the polymer matrix with a material which indicates the mechanical states of the polymer. E.g., a molecular switch which changes its color by different external stimuli like mechanical stress or softening due to temperature. For demonstration a polymer matrix that has shape memory abilities is filled with a very low filling factor of spiropyrane molecules. The colour change of the molecules indicate a the mechanical transformation of the polymer at elevated temperatures. In addition, ZnO microparticles can also be used for failure reporting due to its photoluminescence of surface defects that occur either at higher temperatures or under mechanical damage. In this video scientists from the functional nanomaterials group at the materials science institute of Kiel University will give a demonstration of the unique properties of all the three components mentioned.
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Transcript: English(auto-generated)
Welcome at the Faculty of Engineering. We are here in the Institute for Material Science. I'm Beiner Adelung and the group we are in now is called Functional Nanomaterials. And Functional Nanomaterials contains also materials we will see now in the lab.
Today we are dealing with particles and molecules embedded in polymers which act as spies about their properties. So now we can go to the lab. Hello, my name is Xin Jin and I'm doing research in Professor Adelung's group in topics related to polymer composite and photo-switchable polymers.
Currently we are working with the group of Professor Stauwitz from Chemistry to incorporate spiroparin into polymer composite. Spiroparin is a compound which can change its colour by different external stimuli such as heat, light and also mechanical stress.
If we mix the spiroparin into a shape-of-memory polymer, interesting behaviour can be observed. Now my colleague Xin Du will show you the experiment. Hello, I'm Simla Sri. I also work for Professor Adelung's group on the topic of photo-switchable materials.
The photochromic spiroparin is mixed with one of the pre-polymer components in the dispersion machine for the uniform dispersion. And then next we add another component of the polymer. The ratio between these two components depends on the mechanical properties you need from the polymer.
Now we take the polymer mixture we made and put it in the mould and let it settle for a few minutes. And we put it in the oven for a few hours, say two to three hours. This material responds to stimuli like heat and light. First we see its response to light by illuminating UV light on it and we see how it behaves.
Second we see the response to heat. As we talk I'm heating one of our samples and I stop when the polymer is softened.
Once the polymer is soft you can play with it. Twist it, bend it, it's quite fun. And you see the deformed, the twisted polymer is later cooled and the hardened polymer retains its deformed shape. Now the twisted polymer is heated with the hot gun. Now you can see both the prominent properties of spiroparin and the polymer.
The spiroparin changes its colour and the polymer comes back to its original shape. The reason for the shape memory fact is that the polymer matrix consists of two different parts. One part is thermoplastic which can be deformed when heated up, achieving a temporary shape.
The other part is thermoset which stores the information for the permanent shape. On the other hand, spiroparin can be switched between two different states at different temperatures, showing different colour. By mixing the spiroparin into polymer matrix we can use the spiroparin as a direct indicator for the different thermal states of the polymer.
Spiroparin can also be switched by external stress. Therefore we can mix it into a polymer composite and use it to predict material failure. For the polymer composite we can use zinc oxide powder which can also provide an optical signal for failure detection.
If we burn the zinc oxide powder in a flame, you can see the white colour turns into yellow and gives a touch of green light. This is due to the oxygen vacancies. The intensity of the green emission can be detected and measured.