Avestan – Phonology, Part 1
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Formale Metadaten
| Titel |
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| Untertitel |
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| Serientitel | ||
| Teil | 5 | |
| Anzahl der Teile | 14 | |
| Autor | 0000-0002-4885-2259 (ORCID) | |
| Mitwirkende | 0000-0001-7254-2691 (ORCID) 0000-0002-4057-2543 (ORCID) 0000 0003 5680 465X (ISNI) | |
| Lizenz | CC-Namensnennung - keine kommerzielle Nutzung - keine Bearbeitung 3.0 Deutschland: Sie dürfen das Werk bzw. den Inhalt in unveränderter Form zu jedem legalen und nicht-kommerziellen Zweck nutzen, vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich zugänglich machen, sofern Sie den Namen des Autors/Rechteinhabers in der von ihm festgelegten Weise nennen. | |
| Identifikatoren | 10.5446/49086 (DOI) | |
| Herausgeber | 0000 0004 0449 3201 (ISNI) | |
| Erscheinungsjahr | ||
| Sprache | ||
| Produzent | 0000-0002-4057-2543 (ORCID) 0000 0003 5680 465X (ISNI) 0000-0002-2827-0518 (ORCID) 0000-0001-7254-2691 (ORCID) 0000 0001 2364 4210 (ISNI) | |
| Produktionsjahr | 2019 | |
| Produktionsort | Göttingen |
Inhaltliche Metadaten
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| Genre | ||
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Avestan5 / 14
5
6
7
8
9
14
00:00
Besprechung/Interview
01:41
Computeranimation
02:38
Computeranimation
03:37
Computeranimation
04:09
Computeranimation
04:54
ComputeranimationVorlesung/Konferenz
05:57
Computeranimation
08:15
ComputeranimationBesprechung/Interview
08:46
Computeranimation
10:23
ComputeranimationBesprechung/Interview
10:33
Computeranimation
10:51
ComputeranimationVorlesung/Konferenz
11:52
Computeranimation
12:17
ComputeranimationBesprechung/Interview
12:41
Computeranimation
13:15
ComputeranimationBesprechung/Interview
Transkript: Englisch(automatisch erzeugt)
00:00
Hello there, and welcome back. This is the first of our videos on the phonology of Avastan. In this video, I will mainly try to illustrate why it is not a trivial task to describe the phonological system of Avastan in the first place. After setting the problem, I will show you the steps which need to be taken in order to restore the shape of Avastan to a state which allows a phonological analysis.
00:26
Based on this, I will provide you with a tentative phonological inventory, followed by a brief illustration of allophone alternations. For the sake of this video, I will entirely restrict myself to older Avastan.
00:44
In order to establish an inventory of the phonemes of Avastan – or older Avastan in this case – one first needs to restore the transmitted text to its presumed original shape at the time of its composition. This involves reverting all subsequent phonetic
01:01
changes and reductional changes that enter the text in course of its long and entangled transmission history. To a certain extent, such a restoration is based on the picture we have of Proto-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Iranian, as established through the comparison of Avastan with Old Persian and Vedic. Let us take one stanza from the older
01:27
Avastan gathas as a sample text, to illustrate the differences between Avastan as it is transmitted and Avastan as it might have looked like perhaps 3000 years ago.
01:40
The example is A translation runs like this
02:17
To derive a phonemic interpretation of the text from the phonetic shape in which it
02:22
appears in the oldest manuscripts, the following steps need to be taken, amongst others. First, we need to remove a number of allophonic alternations which are regularly present in the transmitted text. These include the alternation between A and nasalized O. The nasalized O
02:43
only appears in front of nasal consonants. So instead of Ramoncha, we would get Ramamcha in a phonemic transcription. Likewise, short A alternates with a schwa in front of nasus, which we can remove. So from Weidem, we get to Weidem
03:08
in a phonemic transcription. And the glide w alternates with the fricative w after the fricative
03:25
s. If we remove this alternation, we arrive at a transcription swam for transmitted swam.
03:40
At an early point during the transmission of the older western texts, all word-final vowels were systematically lengthened. To arrive at a more original version of the text, we need to restore the original quantity of word-final vowels, which is in most cases easily possible with the help of Vedic. For instance, the second plural ending older western ta corresponds to a Vedic second plural
04:10
ending ta in the form da-ta, and this Vedic correspondence allows us to restore the original older western form as da-ta with short final r. Similarly, the long final e in the form menhi
04:31
from the verb to think can also be regarded as secondary, because the corresponding ending in Vedic is a short e. So from transmitted older western menhi, we can deduce a phonemic
04:50
transcription manhi. Now, a genuine sound change which also entered the text only in course of transmission is appendices, more precisely e appendices and u appendices.
05:04
I will only speak about e appendices here. e appendices is the result of palatalization of certain consonants following e, e and e, which later resulted in the rise of new diphthongs. An example is the first diphthong, the diphthong in the form gadi, imperative form of to come
05:26
for original gadi, and two further examples from the text we actually looked at previously, aibyo for earlier aibya and hushaitish for earlier hushitish.
05:44
There are a number of further sound changes which entered the older western text after their composition. Only some of these are listed on this slide here. First, an h sound between two
06:01
a vowels developed a uvular nasal so that original aha came to be pronounced anha, and if we revert this, we can transcribe a form such as mananha as manaha.
06:30
If a sequence of r and t was preceded by the accent in older western and younger western alike, by the way, the sequence r t developed to sh, thus original aata gives asha in the
06:48
transmitted western text. In old Persian the older form is still attested. Also in the transmitted text we find the effects of an umlaut, in course of which
07:09
r developed to o under the influence of a following u sound, thus original wahu turns up as wohu in the avesta as it is transmitted. Again in old Persian
07:27
the older vocalism of the word is preserved. There we have wahu, good, spelled wow. And finally, word final sequence a
07:44
or an original older western word final sequence a is always changed to o or as an a in older western and this is probably the result of a reductional intervention
08:07
in the western text after their composition. Older western regularly shows reflexes of one or several sounds which need to be reconstructed for Proto-Indo-Iranian
08:24
and Proto-Indo-European, the so-called laryngas. They are not written in the transmitted text, but apparent irregularities in the meter of the gathas allow us to conclude that some reflex of the laryngas, perhaps a glottal stop, still must have been present at the time when the
08:44
texts were composed. So let's look at one example here. This is taken from a part of the gathas which is composed in lines consisting of seven plus nine syllables. However, if we read the line, we observe that the second part of the line consists of
09:13
eight instead of the usual nine syllables. And there's actually a very good reason for that
09:21
because if we go into the etymology of the verb form daat it becomes clear that the long vowel a here must go back to a sequence of two short vowels a separated by a former laryngeal
09:42
and because the form is the subjunctive or represents a subjunctive form derived from the daat which at an earlier point ended in an laryngeal. Now it seems that this laryngeal was still there at the time the old Western texts were composed or at least some sort of
10:05
reflex of it, maybe as I said a glottal stop. So the restored version of this line would go perhaps like this. Having applied these and some further changes to the text,
10:30
it now suddenly reads like this.
10:49
Based on such a reconstruction of the original older Western text, we may tentatively posit an inventory of older Western phonemes.
11:04
Older Western certainly possessed the vowels i, i, a, a, u and u as well as the diphthongs i and i, ao and ao. The consonant phonemes of older Western are listed in this table here,
11:27
with allophones appearing in brackets. So we get the stops p, b, t, d, k, g and perhaps a glottal stop e, the fricatives f with allophone v, f with allophone z, s, z, sh, j, h, allophone r,
11:52
the affricates ch and j, the nasals m and n, the liquid r with a vocalic variant r and the glides
12:03
w and j. By the way, I should note that the allophones here in this table are not necessarily allophones of the sounds beside which they appear in the table. As you have seen,
12:21
the voice fricatives v, z and r are not phonemic. V is an allophone of the glide w after the fricative th, as in swan. Th occurs as an allophone of th after ch and also after f, an example is uchtha, utterance. Re appears when g comes to stand in front of a voiced
12:48
z, as in the form achha from underlying achza. Note also that re was probably preceded by a
13:01
prop vowel e when forming the nucleus of a syllable. Finally, it should be noted that according to some, the glides i and w, too, may be regarded as allophones of the vowels e, u, when not forming a syllable nucleus. This concludes our brief survey on the phonology
13:25
of a Western. My colleague Elmut Hintzel will tell you more about the phonetics and the dialectal features of the Western texts. I thank you for watching and say goodbye.