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Optics: Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction

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Optics: Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction
Untertitel
Fresnel diffraction - circular apertures
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Anzahl der Teile
49
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Herausgeber
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Abstract
This resource contains demonstrations used to illustrate the theory and applications of lasers and optics. A detailed listing of the topics can be found below. Lasers today are being used in an ever-increasing number of applications. In fact, there is hardly a field that has not been touched by the laser. Lasers are playing key roles in the home, office, hospital, factory, outdoors, and theater, as well as in the laboratory. To learn about lasers and related optics, one usually takes a course or two, or acquires the necessary information from books and journal articles. To make this learning more vivid and more exciting, and, one hopes, more understandable, one needs to see some of the basic phenomena involved. To fill this need, Professor Ezekiel has videotaped 48 demonstrations that illustrate most of the fundamental phenomena relating to lasers and physical optics. By using split-screen inserts and a wide range of video-recording capabilities, it is possible to show real-time effects in lasers and optics with the simultaneous manipulation of the components that cause these effects. In this way, one can see effects in close up that would be difficult, if not impossible, to display in front of an audience or in the classroom. These video demonstrations are designed for: The individual student of lasers and optics who wants to observe the various phenomena covered in theoretical treatments in courses, books, and technical papers. The Instructor in lasers and optics in a company, university, college, or high school who wants to illustrate, in class, many of the fundamental phenomena in optics and lasers.
VideotechnikInfrarotlaserOptisches InstrumentDiffraktometerBlende <Optik>BildqualitätMaterialErdefunkstelle
LaserLichtDiffraktometerKurzschlussMikroskopobjektivBlende <Optik>InfrarotlaserRückspiegelBrennweiteSchablonendruckKardierenGlimmlampeGauß-Bündel
LichtDiffraktometerMikroskopobjektivPIN-DiodeStörstelleAbstandsmessungBlende <Optik>Gauß-BündelBildkontrastSchablonendruckLocher
LichtDiffraktometerDunkelheitMikroskopobjektivBlende <Optik>Gauß-BündelBrennpunkt <Optik>ReifSchnittmuster
DiffraktometerBlende <Optik>Brennpunkt <Optik>MikroskopobjektivFront <Meteorologie>Besprechung/Interview
Transkript: Englisch(automatisch erzeugt)
The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu.
Now we're ready to look at Fresnel diffraction from circular apertures. The setup is, again, the same as before, but let me go over it again. Here we have a helium neon laser. Beam from the laser gets reflected by this mirror. Then gets reflected again by this mirror into this lens.
This is a short focal length lens, which is focused into a pinhole, an adjustable pinhole. And the light from the pinhole is then is a spherical wave. And you can see it here on the card is a spherical wave. And then we let it hit the screen. Now we're ready to look at Fresnel diffraction
from apertures. We have two apertures for you, and I'm going to place the first one in the beam. So now if we can look at the screen
while I'm adjusting the aperture, now here we are. It's a fixed aperture. It's 1,000 microns in diameter. And as we can see, we see the same kind
of Fresnel diffraction pattern as we saw with the slit. We see lots of fringes. They get finer and finer as you approach the center. And also, the contrast is less and less as you approach the center.
But what I'm going to do now, instead of keeping the distance fixed, what I'm going to do is vary the distance between the aperture and the light, or the aperture from the pinhole. And I would like you to watch what happens.
So now I'm going to move the aperture very close to the pinhole. And then I move away. And then you can see, first, you see lots of fringes. And as I move away, you're seeing fewer and fewer fringes. And if you look in the center, I
hope you can see that there's a white spot in the center. Now we have a dark spot in the center. And then now we're getting fewer and fewer fringes until we have only two or three. Now let me go back towards the pinhole or towards the lens.
You see the increase in the number of fringes. Now this is very interesting. And I'm going to leave it to you to figure out. Here we are, very close to the lens. And then we move away in the lens.
All right, now what I'm going to do, I'm going to move to the second aperture, which is 400 microns in diameter. And here we are.
Let me again pick it up. There we are now. This diffraction pattern looks slightly different. And again, I want you to explain what's going on here.
Again, now I'm going to move this new aperture, 400 micron diameter aperture, as close as possible to the lens. You see one ring inside. And then now you see the bright dot in the middle. And the bright dot becomes a dark spot in the middle.
And now we get the white dot and the brighter dot in the middle. And here, it's almost beginning to look like Fraunhofer diffraction. So here, let me move towards the lens,
towards the focus of the lens. I mean, you see how the pattern changes. And as we move away, the pattern changes again. So let me hold it over here, let you look at it.
And I hope you'll be able to figure all this out. Remember, the diameter of this aperture is 400 microns. And in the previous one, it was 1,000 microns.
And again, the light is, as I say, it was being focused by a lens onto a small pinhole. And then we had a diverging beam that is impinging on these two apertures. So in summary, we've seen a variety of diffraction patterns.
We've seen one-dimensional Fraunhofer diffraction pattern. And also, we've seen two-dimensional Fraunhofer diffraction patterns. And finally, we looked at Fresnel diffraction associated with a slit, or an adjustable slit,
and also with apertures. And then we saw how the diffraction pattern changes as we move the aperture closer and closer to the focus of the lens. Thanks.