with me. Her claim to fame will be that she spoke at DefCon before she was one. She does have a goon badge though. So anyway, her hacker handle is supernova. So if mom

could come in and take her. I'm miked up. So thank you guys all for coming out. How many of you by show of hands, this is your first DefCon? Raise your hand. Big. Man, every single

year it's like a huge amount. My only guesstimation is that you only go to opening ceremonies one year unless you want to hear about the badges. So normally we do a, it's pinned on to my shirt. How am I going to, eh, come on. And I

don't mean to be offensive by the way. Hello? Better? Can you hear me? So we're going to do something that we do every year. We do a little intro video. But first of all you guys are still way too quiet. This is the opening

ceremonies for DefCon. How is everybody? Certainly, but

couldn't be. These were not imagined patterns. The mind seeking to connect accidents and thoughts with blood lines.

Able to untangle this perplexity. Understood this cypher that surrounds this. Thank you. Officially welcome

everybody. Hey look who showed up. Everybody say hi Russ. So Russ is a chief of operations at DefCon. You want

to say hi? Have a good time while you're here. If you need anything ask a red shirt. Lost is amazing. He's not going to tell you even 20% of what he's done for this conference this year. Find all the secrets. Uncover all the

challenges. Make it happen. Have a fantastic time and please be safe. One thing I will tell you this is Vegas. Keep your wallets and your phones in your front pockets. Don't leave your bags laying around. We've already had a couple people that have had incidents in other places in the hotel. Don't make yourself a victim. Be smart, okay? If you

need anything, holler. Otherwise let's have a great time and thank you, Russ, for everything you do. So like I said, bear with me. It's Friday morning but it feels like Sunday after Con if any of you have been here.

Again, so a lot of you, this is your first DefCon. How many of you came here not knowing what the hell to expect? Raise your hand. Be honest. How many of you had a pretty good idea what you were getting yourselves into? How many of you were like I'm just here to like party and drink and hang out? Oh, and so I did it. How many of you came to my 101 talk yesterday just out of curiosity?

Okay, so I apologize. There's a few real quick things that I'm going to reiterate for the other folks here. First of all, I do this every time. From another conference that I attend, we do a thing called a human search engine. So I'd like to just help some folks out. How many of you guys in the audience are students? Raise your hands. How many of

you are in high school? College? How many are freshly out of college and looking for work? How many are not freshly out of college and looking for work here at Stanford? Okay, so hold on. Now how many of you out there are here to hire somebody? Okay, so I'll do that one more time. How many of you are here looking for a job? Raise

your hand. How many of you are here trying to hire somebody? Now you guys talk amongst yourselves. Okay, you're welcome. So my name's Ryan. I go by 1057. Yes, it is a palindrome in binary. Try to write it out. It was also the solution to the first mystery challenge. So in

opening ceremonies, we just kind of like to welcome you and kind of set the tone for the conference. Primarily, I discuss what went into going on with the creation of the puzzle challenge and the badges, as well as I try and direct my talks towards what you guys want to hear about. Most of the time, though, I get asked questions over and over about the badges, so why we did what we did, why

the design is like it is, et cetera, et cetera. So without further ado, let's get going. How many of you recognize that picture? Yeah. So that's from a movie, This Island Earth, that was riffed by the MST3K guys. And that wonderful contraction you see in front of you is called what? That's the interocitor. Okay, so in that sci-fi

movie, these aliens sent the scientists all these parts in a manual that was hard to decipher, and they had to assemble this machine not knowing what the purpose of the machine was. And at the end result was they built this machine, and they could communicate with these aliens.

But it was kind of like a test, much like Last Starfighter type thing. So I kind of look at the puzzle and crypto challenges that I'm doing this year as kind of a test. And anyone that actually is competing will discover how true that really is, because there is a side tangent that will happen in the crypto puzzle challenge this year that I've never done before. So I made this point yesterday. I'm

going to make it again. And this terrified me. I'm not going to lie. When I asked this question in the one-on-one session yesterday, and only like a few people raised their hand, it freaked me out. How many of you in the audience know what waste and art is? When I say that, when I refer to that, with what's going on right now, how many are concerned about that? Now, every person in this room, if you

are involved with security or security research, should have raised your hand. So it is a very tongue-in-cheek poke at the fact that I am very concerned about things. You saw my beautiful daughter that was up here. I want her to grow up in a world where she is free to explore and to tinker and not go to jail if she decides that her career path is to be a security researcher. I don't want her to go to jail

for trying to make systems better. I don't want her to have to deal with trying to deal with back doors and crypto systems, which is, first of all, if there's any bureau folks in the audience, it's not going to happen. Get over it. It's not. Because people just move offshore. The companies aren't going to do it. People aren't going to put up with that. But anyway, am I not talking loud enough? I'm

going to go hard. Someone in the back says they can't hear me. Can you guys in the back row hear me? Yeah, they say yes, so go screw yourself. No, I'm just kidding. So the big joke, ha-ha, you've all come to DEF CON this year and congratulations, you know I'll have a record. Ah, you can throw the tomatoes now. But you should care about waste

and earn. If I mention that and you don't know what I'm talking about, I would suggest that after you go home, maybe not here, start Googling it, look it up, be concerned, become active. That's why we're here. People in this community are the only ones that are going to be able to have a voice to fix this. So, expecting an electronic badge.

How many of you are familiar with our every other year policy? Okay. So those that came expecting an electronic badge, we only do that every other year. And the reason for that is back when Joe first started doing the electronic badges, it was kind of a new thing. Now every freaking conference on the face of the planet has an

electronic badge. And we try and keep it changed up. And by the way, it really forces you to think creatively to come up with solutions to a problem. People that went on yesterday, that was a little joke for you. So we do a non-electronic badge every other year. And I actually have more people tell me as far as the cryptographic puzzles and everything else, that they actually enjoy it more.

And for those who have never worn a circuit board on their shirt that hasn't been fabricated properly, I've had a number of people this year say, yes, they're large, they're seven inches, they're not the largest badge we've ever had, and as a non-electronic badge they don't mess up your t-shirt because you're not rubbing cut traces on the back of your stomach all day. But anyway, I've also heard a

number of comments, oh, we don't know how to hook up some lanyards. Come on, people, it's a hacker conference, and you're complaining that you don't know how to adapt? Remember, we're building our interossover here. So those are all of the record badges that were produced this year. When they were shipped here to the hotel, the pallets weighed over two tons because of the

amount of vinyl that was involved in these. These are actually vinyl. It took hunting fabrication houses to find somebody that could do an order large enough to produce this much vinyl because nobody's doing vinyl anymore. And by the way, you can notice that the younger people in the audience will be holding these like this, and

the older people in the audience will be holding them like this, or like this. And so you can kind of gauge people's age by how they're holding them. And by the way, if anyone has not yet had a chance to hear them, we're going to put record players at the info booth. There'll be some in my room. With the USB adapter, too, which you're

welcome to come plug your laptop into my USB device and record the audio off of these discs if you want, but I'm sure a number of people in the crypto challenge have already ripped the audio and put the files online if you have not yet heard them. I would also like to say thank you to Dual Core. Everybody give them a hand. Dual Core

graciously allowed us to use the Hack All the Things song, which is the B-side of your record, by the way. So off the record, another question I've had already is why the small hole and not the large hole for the 45? Anyone who's actually played this yet realizes that these are

actually recorded at, or pressed at a 33 speed, not 45. So they could put more on. Cool? Everybody happy? You're all quiet. Yeah? It's Friday morning. You guys are like already tired? So, um, anybody know the quote? Yes? No? Bucker

Banzai? Yes. So let's start talking about the Uber badge because this is the one that I'm really excited about this year. How many of you have no clue what I mean when I say Uber badge? Tell the truth. How many of you have heard the term black badge? Okay, so black badge and Uber badge are the same thing. The actual official title is Uber badge. So we do this thing at DEF CON. Um, we estimate we'll have about

17,000 people this year, give or take. And we will give out roughly 15 black slash Uber badges. Uh, Jeff DT makes that determination, um, and in closing ceremonies they'll be awarded. In order to get one of these you have to compete in a contest, and you have to win, and you have to win first place. And it has to be a contest worthy of earning

one of these badges. Now what these are, are free entrants at DEF CON for the rest of your life. But what they really are is a status symbol. I know several employers that will hire somebody on the spot if they have a black badge on their resume from, from DEF CON. So the Uber badges are very special every year. And so I try and, and really, um, go over the top with them. Um, some

of you may have seen the ones that I did with the mechanical parts in them, uh, for DEF CON 21, which was an homage to my, uh, to my grandfather. So, um, I was talking about the Wacom thing and I was wearing this shirt, but now that I'm transitioning to talk about the Uber badges, I actually need to have a change of wardrobe

here. So if you could bear with me. Full of really

smart people and only a few flat for Feynman. That's painful. There's no back. So, I've been really, uh, in, into

Richard Feynman this year. Um, I had before, but, uh, really the hacker aspects of his life, um, I don't have even realized he was a safe cracker. Um, inside of top secret facilities he used to break into other people's safes and leave them notes or hide their files, that kind of. Can

you hear? Is it fucked up? Oh, sorry mom. My mom actually told me to quit swearing in my talks live in front of everybody at, uh, 101 yesterday. That was fun. Okay. So we start out, the base of the Uber badge this year is an acrylic that has been etched in what is called a

Lichtenberg figure. Um, there's a guy named Bert Hickman who runs a website. Uh, he's a retired physicist and a really awesome guy. Spent many hours on the phone with him talking about these. So the, the origin of this type of etching was DSPAC clear back to the, uh, to 1777. But

these were run through a 5 million volt particle accelerator because acrylic, you know, is an insulator and it takes that to charge up the acrylic. So then the acrylic is forcibly discharged, usually taking a metal object and spiking it to ground. Much akin to the way the discharge happens on the cloud when a bolt of lightning happens. So these are often referred to as lightning

sculptures. So what you have on the base of the Uber badge this year literally is you are holding lightning in your hand. As close as, as close to a proclamation as I can get to. Um, the potentials on these when they were charged up were as high as 2.5 million volts. Um, it's, it's actually really dangerous. You can see, uh, the discharge, uh, happening there. And the research that came out of these

actually is the basis for what is now modern day plasma physics. So those are really awesome. Uh, when I was talking to Bert, uh, he said it's actually interesting that the U.S. Air Force holds the patent on the fabrication process of these. And it, it was because during, uh, unmanned test space

flights they were having instrumentation that was coming back with, uh, dials that were being shattered and, and had similar patterns in them. And so they studied the, the process after the fact, even though there was prior art, um, back in 1777, but the, the entire process of how that happened through these space flights was actually how they came to form the patent of the actual fabrication

process. So I thought that was really interesting. And, um, he told me that back in, uh, the 70s there were people that were making these and giving them away, like traveling salesmen were using them as, like, giveaways to entice people to buy their wares. Um, but now they've kind of stopped because obviously time on a particle accelerator

is not cheap. And, um, you have to now get permission of the U.S. Air Force to make them, I guess, if you care about patents, China. Oh, wait, what? So, the next thing that you will see on, on the Uber badge on the bottom, there is glass that has been doped with uranium 238. It's about 3% by weight. And it fluoresces like a, a, a mother

when you hit it with UV light. Um, I also took all of the adhesives that were used to attach this have been, uh, doped with a phosphorous powder. So, even the glue is, is, um, glows when you charge it up. In fact, um, one night after I'd been working on building these, I built all of them by hand because there aren't that many Ubers. Uh, I

got into bed and I rolled over and my wife looked at me and she jumped back and she freaked out and I thought somebody was breaking in the house to, like, murder us or something. And she said, your hair is glowing. And I, and what had happened was I had gotten this phosphorous powder on my hands when I was working on it because I, I, um, do my hand and I had rubbed it through my hair because I was

sweating and the sweat had pulled the powder off my hands and had gotten all through my hair and apparently she said it was absolutely terrifying. In addition to that, how many of you know what tritium is? A lot of you. How many of you have a, it's in exit signs, it's in gun sights and stuff like that. But the interesting thing is the

Nuclear Regulatory Commission controls the sale of this. It determines who's allowed to purchase it, who's allowed to have it. And I actually found out that when you buy, like, those exit signs, you are actually getting a, I forget the exact term, but it's like a temporary license to have that volume of tritium. And you have to actually theoretically dispose of it in a very particular way, which never

happens. They have, you know, the exit signs wind up in landfills all the time. So, and how many of you guys from the UK? So, you guys in the UK, you know, you can buy these as keychains in the UK. UK's like, we don't care, we don't give a fuck, you know. You can have all tritium you want. So, in order for me to get my hands up, well, oh, um,

real quick comment. There's a guy who runs a site called depletedcranium.com and he was trying to become an importer of tritium to make keychains to make it a business. He wanted to sell them as keychains because the tritium glows for roughly 12 to 20 years depending on how much you put in it. Because you usually have a vial of, it's usually a glass vial, but tritium is a gas. And it

reacts with the coating that's on the inside of that gas and it's what fluoresces. So it's like permanent glow in the dark stuff that doesn't have to be charged up. So he wanted to make keychains out of this to find the keys in the dark, that kind of thing. And he has an entire blog of his e-mail and letter correspondence back and forth with the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. And it's absolutely hilarious, the

discussion that they have, because it's ridiculous about, it's like what they consider frivolous versus useful. And he's like, well, finding new keys is useful. And they're like, no, it's a keychain. So it's frivolous. And so they're going back and forth. But anyway, if you're interested in that, go read about it. It's really funny. So we're going to have a hypothetical story here because I would

never do this. I heard about some guy that found a source of tritium that would ship to the United States in sealed packets of coffee. And so when things would, when things would come through, customs, they would be labeled as, oh, I

found a chain, ironically, or coffee. And you get these letters and you're thinking, hmm, I'm wondering if I have to tell Dark Tangent that I wasted some of his money because I bought tritium vials off the internet from some guy and he sent me coffee. So you open up the

packets, there's your tritium vials. Anyway, so those in the States, apparently the Nuclear Regulatory Commission doesn't really give a rip if you have like small amounts because you have them in your gun sights and everything else, some watches. They just like to determine who does the fabrication, manufacture and want to have it as a controlled substance. Ultimately, I believe because they charge large fees for people that are getting those

licenses to do it. But anyway, going on, the badges are safe. So what you're seeing there is on each Uber badge, there are two Swarovski crystal skulls, beads, and those tritium vials are embedded in those. So those of you who went in Uber this year, when you put this on your wall and you go to sleep at night, the eyes of the skull

will be staring into your soul for the rest of your life. For those of you, how many of you know what a banana equivalent dose is? So for those unfamiliar, because everyone keeps going, are they safe? Are they safe? Don't put the badge near your nuts. You don't have kids again, you

know. So there is a unit of measure that is kind of a joke amongst those that are really into nuclear physics or just screwing around with radioactive stuff called a banana equivalent dose. But due to the potassium that's in a banana, if you eat a banana, you get a certain amount of radiation. Same thing with sleeping next to somebody, walking outside,

there's background radiation. And so there are, I just found it hilarious that there is this thing called the banana equivalent dose, the BED, which is, as you can, I listed there. Also, Matt Blaze was in my room looking at these and he had his Geiger counter. We were trying to determine, you know, he wanted to see independently of the stuff that

I had done, you know, what the beta versus gamma versus alpha was off of these. But anyway, do you guys still hear me? Yes? No, we're dead fish. Hello? Yes? Yeah, all right. So there's a picture of one of the uranium vials. I think I have, oh,

yeah, I do have one in my pocket still. So if anyone wants to come look at this, this one is actually a mix of different ores. So the reason I show you the dram is in addition to the tritium vial that's on there, as well as the uranium glass marble underneath one of them, there are, there is a mixture of pitch blend, yellow cake, and

uranium ore. And if you turn the badge over because the lictron sphere is unclear, clearly you can see them through the back of the badge. But it's kind of like I made a little viewing window. The skull holds the radioactive material in because, you know, what better object to hold radioactive material than the skull? So, and

that just shows, so where I countersunk holes into the acrylic, put the samples in, and this is where I had already mounted the marbles but I hadn't put the ores in yet. So, who knows what happened on July 16th, 1945? Not very many of you, right? So, the reason I went through

all of this trouble is I'm, I'm an avid collector of things I like to feel connected to heroes of mine, whether it be in research, mathematics, linguistics, whatever. And so Feynman has been kind of my obsession. And I was trying to think, you know, Feynman is now no longer living, so

what is the closest I could be to seeing one of his experiments? And so Feynman and Oppenheimer were present on July 16, 1945 when the device which is known as gadget was the first nuclear detonation. And so that happened in New Mexico. And when you do that, when you do a nuclear test like that, you form this substance called

trinitite. Sorry, water is almost falling. So I have also procured trinitite from the actual test site that Oppenheimer and Feynman were at. And it is also embedded on the badge underneath the skull on the other side.

So, theoretically, literally, you are holding in your hands one step removed a piece of an experiment that was conducted by Feynman when you get one of these badges. That means a lot to me because I'm all about giving credit to the giant, the shoulders of giants that I try to stand on. And so this is kind of my homage yet again to a hero of mine. So the

trinitite has actually been analyzed by a couple of different independent labs. There's also a guy online named Hunter Scott who took some to Georgia Tech. And in their lab, they were able to actually not only verify the signature but the distance from the epicenter of the blast based on the signature. Which, from these samples, I'm

not releasing what it is. It's kind of like my crypto key because even if somebody managed to detonate a nuclear bomb, collect the samples, place them on a piece of trinitite or a piece of acrylic which has been charged through a particle accelerator, forcibly discharged, hold lightning and go through all of that trouble and order coffee from Singapore and get tritium vials, mount them on

there, it's still not going to have the same nuclear signature as this badge. So, thank you. So it's like an Uber RSA token although it takes a while to verify. So there is a

final picture of the badge. There's Feynman there and Feynman here. So I wanted, I didn't want to get up here and rant and I apologize if it felt that way. I want you guys to have a great DEFCON. I want you to talk to each other. I told the guys in 101, if you don't feel like someone here is

approachable then I think they're a dick and I don't want them here anyway. I think there's too many, yeah, thank you. Please clap for that. Don't be a dick. We really don't want those people in the community. There's a number of people that have been getting a lot of press lately. Don't let it go to your head. They're approachable. They

started just like everybody else did. And really, with what's going on on the outside, people trying to legislate research and force back dooring and weakening of standards, that's something that needs to be taken head on and we're only going to be able to do that as if we're a unified community. I love the fact that I can come here to DEFCON and I can wear dorky t-shirts and I don't have to explain them to people. I was talking to Mickey earlier

and I forget, oh, I made a joke. I said occasionally, hey, looky there. Everybody turn and wave. That's Jeff Moss, everybody, Dark Tangent. So you are all here today

because of Jeff and so I think Jeff's going to come up and say a few words to you but the point I was making is the joke was as far as the opening ceremonies, Jeff is an interrupt routine. So Jeff comes up and then my cycle stops and he talks. But Jeff is the reason that I'm here. This conference has affected my life in more ways than one and

I'm grateful for him. So those of you this year first time make a lot out of the conference. But I'd like everyone, please give a hand to Jeff.

So they're all covered in radioactive dust now you told them about that and then how they have to decontaminate on okay. Good. All right. Well, thank you for coming to the con. Have you done a show by hands how many people are new here? Do it again. Oh, my gosh, that's great. So can I see just I'm curious how many people are not from the

United States. Holy crap. And not Canada. Okay. Now it makes more sense. I knew I was forgetting a key part of that question. Awesome. Okay. So that's great because what we try to do every year is it would be stagnant and the

conference would end up dying if we can't bring in fresh blood. And if you think about our hacking community, at least the way it started for me probably for you, it was really sort of an apprenticeship style program in the early days for me because there was no Amazon, there was no web, there was no security books written anywhere, there's no Google. So it was

really about how do you get into hacking? How do you even know hacking exists? And for me it was the movie War Games that got me interested. Yeah, that was a good one. And so, you know, I didn't know all the problems with the movie. I just thought it was a really cool movie. And later on in life,

it's funny, I ended up meeting this other hacker. One of the next ones I met, I met him at DEF CON 1. It was interesting because the speaker was speaking on stage at DEF CON 1 and right over there, he only had 100 people at the first DEF CON and he's sitting over there and he's making a little phone call on a cell phone and right off the bat not many people had cell phones. And so I ended up talking to him and

I'm like, he's talking to me and he's being really open. And he said, well, you know, that last speaker that was speaking, yeah, I'm in his e-mail system so I've been reading what he's been doing and I don't know if what he was telling you is really what he's doing. It's like, really? It's like, yeah, but I'm going to have to get into this other guy's e-mail system and verify that. And so it was

just like all the hackers were in everybody else's e-mail systems. And they were, anybody that was working on anything interesting, they were just shoulder surfing, get over your shoulder. And so he ran a system in Seattle where he was from, which is where I was from, it was strange. He

would have a bulletin board system with a big screen that said, if you find my system, let me know because I don't advertise the system. And the whole point of it was like a honey net. He was trying to find other hackers. So like in war games, he just had a system and if you dialed the city and you found his system, he wanted to meet you. And

that was his way of meeting new people. And so he told me when war games came out, he was so pissed off because he was like, damn it, now my secrets are out. Now people are going to lock down all these modems and everything is going to be secure. Like, oh, I wish it was that simple to fix things,

you know, just release a movie. So my point is that it became an apprenticeship program. I had to meet the right people. They had to meet the right people. And then we had to learn from each other and be introduced to others. And so it was through this sort of web of trust where you would meet other people. Well, that guy is a UNIX guy. That's an

SS7 guy. Oh, you need to talk to that guy. He knows what he's doing when it comes to, you know, UNICOS or something. And so nowadays we've lost that. We don't have really an apprenticeship program. I'm curious, how many people here learn about hacking from a friend? How many people learn about hacking because you just started Googling it and YouTubing it? Oh, they're about the same.

That's pretty surprising. So what I try to do with the conference is encourage people to meet others and to teach others because really what's the difference between that and just sitting online and reading books? So that's why I'm excited that a lot of you are first time people because I think you're going to get a lot out of it. And

we keep saying this, you know, the conference is what you make of it. But that's no bullshit. That's actually really true. And so anyway, that's something I want to leave you with is just think about the next generation. Think about who you're going to sort of teach or who you want to be taught by. And it's not binary, right? You can be doing two things at the same time. And you're going to

actually probably get more out of it teaching someone because they're going to ask you a question and you don't know the answer to it and you're going to have to go research it. And then the other cool thing is you can do projects, you can do more things. And if you look at how hacking has evolved, it's really sort of turning into a team sport. And, you know, the lone contributors can still make big strides, but if you're

thinking about how do companies work today, militaries work, defense teams work, how does any of this stuff work? It's in teams. Yeah, yeah. Even our puzzle challenges are team based. So how many of you notice that there's codes even on your lanyards? Those are the first times here. So I do that every year to force you to talk to each other because no single person can go just do the crypto challenge

because you have to talk to other people, collect other pieces of information, just like out on the web. The corpus of knowledge out there to become like the ultimate lead hacker is tougher and tougher as the knowledge space grows. It becomes harder and harder to become an expert in all fields. So you really have to have a diversity of people on your team as far as their skill sets are

concerned. And so like DT was saying, what we really try and do is encourage you to meet and talk to each other and not to be and function in isolation. Even here at the conference, I've been to many security conferences where I've seen people that spend the entire time either they're in a talk listening or they're in the hallway on their laptop. And they aren't talking to anyone, they aren't interacting

with anyone, they aren't making these connections. These are your, this is like your extended hacker family. This is the place you can go and wear your t-shirt and not have to explain it to somebody. Or if you do, they're interested in the explanation. I mean I can't tell you the number of times I've gone through the checkout counter at the grocery store and the teller will either fake laugh at my shirt

because I'll have some kind of tech joke on it and I know for a fact that they didn't understand what it meant. Or they will look at me like I'm crazy and very rarely they'll actually ask what it means and I'll explain it to them as gently as I can and they, you know, huh. So see his shirts are like that bulletin board from my friend. If you

get his shirt, he wants to know you. It's your filtration device. So then I'll just do a couple of administrative things around the show for first time people. There's too much show going on for you to see it all. And for me that was about DEF CON 4. When I was so pissed at first, I was so angry

that more crap was happening at the conference that I could see. Like things were happening I would never know about at the conference. And it took me a while to be okay with that. Because you want to experience everything. I wanted to see everything that was happening. And then over the years I realized, you know, what we're doing with this show is we're providing, it's almost like we're, you know,

conferences a platform or crap or something. And what we're trying to do is we provide platform for people. Oh, you want to do a wall of sheep and we think you can pull it off? Guess what? I'll give you enough rope to hang yourself. You do that. And if everybody says it sucks, well

you're not coming back. But if everybody likes it, you get more rope the next year. And so we have this constant renewal of contests and events. And that's why you'll see some events or contests that are super polished and fantastic. And other ones that are really rough and ragged. You know the quote is going to come out now that DT is advocating bondage at DEF CON. I advocate bondage in general.

Get us in less trouble. And so then with all the things that are going on, it's okay. You're not going to see everything. Follow Twitter, follow Facebook, follow whatever. But that's half the fun because you'll find people have radically different experiences from the same conference. And some people are night people and Vegas is

perfect for you. It's open 24 7. There's parties, music, movies, whatever. We do a lot of things really late in the night, 2, 3 in the morning. We do things sometimes pretty early in the morning. And so unless you're assisted by chemical support units, you're probably not going to be up for it all. And that's cool. And so just want to let you

know that we're available to help give you direction and we're also available to let you find your own way. And so that's kind of the videos. Oh, yeah, yeah. In case you don't know, you see this going on on the right. This is for

people that might be vision impaired. But really what it came out of also was vision impaired. Yeah. All I've got is water. I'm sorry. And so it turns out, though, that for the state of California, a couple years ago they had a law

that said you can't have any teaching materials in a classroom that doesn't have the second audio program or doesn't have the what do you call it? Captioning. Yes. So I wanted to have all of DEF CON in the California school system if possible. And so I had to start paying for

captioning. So we went out and found a captioning company. So because of this, it turns out not only then do we get in California, it's possible for any school to use the system now and be compliant with their state laws. But also it

means when you watch this stuff on YouTube once we finally upload it and you look at the translation, it doesn't look like banana computer car. It actually makes sense because the auto translate from YouTube doesn't work well with all of our technical lingo. And the other thing we do is everything, of course, is available for free. We give it

all away sort of back to the community. And when I started doing that at the first DEF CON, well, at the first DEF CON we made audio tapes and we sold them. But as the Internet came along, we put everything online and gave it away. And partially that was sort of a forcing function. I

wanted to force other conventions to do that. I wanted to force the information to be free. And almost every conference does this. And I think that's a great thing. So you can always come back and watch the videos.

You can always come back and read what's going on. So if you see something that you want to do in person, you're having a great hallway conversation with someone and you're learning a lot, don't worry about the talks. You can get to the talks. You can't get to those great conversations and build those relationships later. That's harder. So just think it through like what your priorities are. And there's a joke that there's two conferences. There's the

conference. And that's true. So just kind of think what you want to get out of the conference. What are your thoughts on that? So to go further, and thank you, Jeff, for everybody, again, for the conference. So I can say I

wouldn't be here and I wouldn't be where I am professionally if it wasn't for Jeff and DEF CON because DEF CON affected my professional career. But like Jeff was saying, we have things like the 1057 room. There were guys in there last night until 5, 6 o'clock this morning. That's open 24 hours. There's probably still guys

there now, right? Is that what I mean? There's guys there still from last night. So I would encourage you, like, take a piece of one of the puzzle challenges and find someone else to work on it with you. I mean, even just if you're in line waiting for something, flip open the program. See if you can crack some of the simple ciphers. It really is a design to get you to start interacting with other people. Or just get up and introduce yourself to someone else. Find

somebody that's got something interesting. Go to the speakers. Like I was saying earlier, the speakers are approachable. Go up and talk to them. Afterwards, a lot of them do QA and then they go out in the hallway and they talk to people. Take advantage of that. I mean, this is one of the rare opportunities where you have to go up and directly speak to these people. And that's what I did. In fact, to

put the point on the end of the comment Jeff was making, that's how I'm here. I came here to my first DEF CON and competed in a contest. And then after that, I started getting involved. I went to Jeff and I said, hey, I want to do this thing. And he said, go ahead. And now look what's happened. And Jeff is wonderful in the fact that he

will give people the opportunity to try. He'll give you the opportunity to try, but it's up to you to make what you will of it. So we'd like to thank you all for coming out. We welcome you to the DEF CON. I don't know, Jeff, you want to say the official DEF CON is? Yeah. DEF CON is now open. Thank you. See you around.