The onset of the cold war in 1947 ushered in an era of fear and uncertainty in nuclear technology. The Atoms for Peace speech delivered by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to the UN General Assembly in 1953 spurred on the founding of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957. The IAEA's statutes recognized the need to "…foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on peaceful uses of atomic energy". Thus, with the IAEA Board of Governors approval in 1969, INIS was established in May 1970, fifty years ago, as a mechanism to provide access to a comprehensive collection of references to the world's nuclear literature. INIS has grown from a modest 25 members to a unique global information resource with more than 150 members. It maintains a repository of over 4.3 million bibliographic records, of which 1.6 million are full-text. Each year, more than one million visitors make 1.9 million searches, viewing 3.2 million web pages. This paper discusses ways INIS operates, the role of its members, the importance of international cooperation, contribution to nuclear science, information sharing goals, and the benefits society has from open access to nuclear information.

As we all know, "grey" doesn't often mean "closed"; maybe sometimes it can mean hard to find. If its sources are open and there are the conditions, the whole document could become an open access one. An example among all is the case of the pre-prints. When you archive a pre-print in a repository you allow the free, open and "grey" pre-print become Open Access to everyone. If the immediately archived "grey" pre-print is open access it can accelerate global knowledge and research advancement. The recent COVID-19 pandemic is making us rethink the way we communicate, search, research and inform; there are some cases of publishers which immediately publish some COVID-19 related articles pre-print; other, instead, are making soon available the accepted manuscript (post-print). Let's us concentrate on pre-prints, closer to "grey" literature. An immediate and open pre-print could accelerate research in some fields and could let researchers (and us) know on time if there is a deadlock or not. Some publishers are following this way. By the way, some pre-prints will never become a published article; in any case knowing those pre-prints let people know why that way is an unpassable one or if some other ways to improve research could be passable. So, when "grey" becomes open this improve and accelerate research, especially in this uncommon period.

In September 2019, the first seminar of its kind dealt with grey literature and the circular economy i.e. an economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources. The information compiled in advance of that seminar and the interest shown by the participants provides the lead-up to this project. Grey literature resources are a significant part of the information industry and like other industries in a circular economy such as textile, construction, and logistics, the role and value of these resources must be understood and demonstrated. This study looks at how grey literature resources are a vehicle for other industries in the circular economy, and at the same time how they themselves are part of an industry, which drives the circular economy. This study first sets out to gain insight into the opinions of GreyNet's community of practice with regard to the circular economy and to determine if there is consensus. This will be carried out via an online community-based survey. The study will further look at the way in which grey literature resources can be seen as a vehicle for other industries in the circular economy. This part of the study will be carried out via a review of the literature based on a sample of a number of industries. Together, these results will allow us to explore good practices in generating societal awareness to the circular economy and in doing so, drive awareness to the value of grey literature resources. As with any explorative research, the outcome has yet to be fully defined. Nevertheless, it is expected that the findings of the survey will indicate a sufficient level of consensus within GreyNet's community of practice. And, the review of the literature will demonstrate that grey literature can be seen as a vehicle for other industries in driving awareness to the circular economy. Nevertheless, differences in the volume of references to grey literature may occur depending on the type of industry included in the sample.

The State General Accounting Department of the Ministry of Economy and Finance regularly publishes public documentation in a digital format and makes it available to citizens, in accordance with the shared principles of Administrative Law and the Digital Administration Code, dematerialisation and transparency. The Luca Pacioli Library collaborates with this project by scanning the following documents, prior to the dematerialisation process and they are available on the website of the Library: - all Final Statements of Accounts from 1861 to 2004; - the historical volumes of state employee expenses before the Conto Annuale; - the documents of the Public Spending Commission (1982-2002); - documents relative to the ninetieth (1959) and the centenary (1969) anniversaries of the Accounting Department. It is an ongoing project and is based also for the accessibility requirements on the availability of the Library Staff. The Library also participates in the process of preserving Public Source Documentation by cataloging the paper version of documents which are online in the SBN. It also carries out promotion campaigns through showcasing Grey Literature These publications are relevant to all economic and social (pensions, health, education etc) sectors.

The grey literature is a valuable body of information that is a necessary component to any evidence-based approach to solving multifaceted social problems. However, the concept of grey literature is complex and precise (Schöpfel, 2010) with one of the defining factors being that it is difficult to find due to the nature of its publication, thus the topic can be unapproachable for unfamiliar audiences who could make good use of it. Therefore, it is important to provide high-quality, contextualized educational materials that explain what grey literature is, why it is valuable, and how to find it. In this talk we present the creation and recent revision of GreyLitGuides.com, a contextualized directory of grey literature educational resources with an emphasis on LibGuides and videos. This resource draws from an environmental scan of grey literature LibGuides presented at GL19 (Carlson et al, 2017). The results were first categorized into major headings based on anticipated grey literature knowledge needs: 1) what is grey literature, 2) how to find grey literature, and 3) subject-specific sources of grey literature. The website was launched in 2019 and announced at the GL21 conference. This year, the GreyNet Education & Training Committee reviewed the resources in detail to create annotations for the directory and added new resources through consultation with GreyNet affiliates via an online survey. The purpose of the survey was two-fold: (1) to encourage affiliates to share resources that they had personally found to be useful for education and training purposes, and (2) to determine how the GreyLitGuides.com website could be enhanced to meet affiliates' information needs for grey literature education and training. The survey brought new and previously overlooked materials to our attention, which will be highlighted in our presentation. It also shed new light on occupational groups, beyond information professionals, that take an active role in grey literature education and training. The results allowed the committee to understand where to focus their dissemination efforts along with preferred information formats.

The Czech National Repository of Grey Literature (NUSL) has been bringing GL to science and society over 10 years. It is based on Lisbon definition from 1997, updated in 2004, and on its own document typology that was created in 2008 as one of the outputs of the same name project. Since then there have been several papers and articles calling for new definition and new typology, asking what should be still considered GL and what not anymore. (Savić, 2017; Baxter and Hilbrecht, 2020) Savic (2019) pointed out that if everything can be marked as GL then probably nothing is GL. The NUSL already had to change its typology few times to provide still good service and to reflect research institutions' needs. However, it is not only the document typology that influences the repository and the service, there are other circumstances which affect further development of the NUSL such as partner institutions' needs, the National Research, Development and Innovation Policy, European Commission's guidelines on research outputs, current quantity and quality of other repositories and systems for grey literature and research results in the Czech Republic etc. The contribution/paper will bring a brief overview on NUSL's experience over 10 years of providing the service. Then it will be focused on a current situation in research area of the Czech Republic in detail. Finally, out of these points will conclude to the necessary changes that has to be taken by NUSL and his provider – National Library of Technology in Prague, in order to keep the service meaningful.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the academy and on scientific research. As universities, libraries, and researchers respond to this worldwide crisis, the inequities in access to critical scientific information have become even more obvious. Many publishers have responded to the pandemic by providing free access to information both to support research about COVID-19, as well as for general support of online teaching and learning as institutions move their curricula to an online environment. While this access is a welcome and important development, it also highlights the need for a global solution to the problem of providing more equitable access to information. Libraries have been leaders in the Open Access (OA) movement. Their activities in support of OA take a variety of forms, including managing institutional repositories, funding article processing charges (APCs), and advocating for OA initiatives within their home institutions. Libraries can also promote OA by addressing this issue in the licenses and contracts they negotiate with publishers. Licensing terms can include stipulations for retention of authors' rights, deposit in institutional and disciplinary repositories, reformatting content for accessibility, and other requirements that promote wider and more equitable access to research. While many institutions already address some of these issues in their contracts, a strategic and united approach to this issue could have a positive global impact on access to critical research. This paper will present a model for libraries to develop a standard set of licensing terms to promote OA and more equitable access to research. As a case study, it will examine the licensing efforts of the University of Maryland, a major public land grant research institution. The University of Maryland Libraries have partnered with the University Senate and the Office of the Provost to create the Publishing, Access, Contract Terms Working Group (UMD PACT). With membership including librarians, teaching and research faculty, students, and administrators, UMD PACT has an ongoing charge to investigate this issue and recommend a new framework for licensing of scholarly content promote more equitable access to scholarly publishing. Using both UMD PACT's efforts and the international response to the pandemic as starting points, this paper will address crucial topics such as accessibility, authors' rights, repository deposit, reformatting, and other licensing provisions. It will present a global survey of licensing frameworks and contract requirements from a variety of institutions, including libraries, universities, research centers, consortia, and publishers. It will also include a comprehensive suite of resources related to OA, accessibility, and the legal and statutory requirements to consider when licensing access to public research, as well as resources to promote the use of grey literature and other content produced outside the formal publishing process. The end result will be a model that will empower libraries to develop their own licensing frameworks to promote more equitable access to scientific and scholarly information and to support global research, teaching, and learning.

Problem/goal HAL is the national open repository for documents and data from French scientists. The deposits are organized in institutional portals and collections from research units and projects. The paper analyse how grey literature is represented in the collections of French research laboratories of ten major French research universities on HAL. Research method/procedure The paper presents original empirical results from a follow-up study to former research (Schöpfel et al. 2018, 2019), based on the assessment of HAL deposits of more than 1,700 research laboratories from ten large French research universities (excellence initiative). These laboratories cover the whole range of scientific disciplines. Data on deposits (documents, records) has been extracted for each laboratory and each output type (articles, books, reports, data…) through the HAL API. This paper puts the focus on the grey part of the academic output, in particular conference papers, reports, working papers, theses and dissertations. Empirical results are provided on the percentage of grey items in HAL, on the part of open access, differences between grey document types, disciplinary specificities and institutional strategies. Anticipated results The proposed study will take our former research on HAL laboratory collections a step further, with a representative sample of more than 1,700 laboratories covering the whole range of scientific disciplines and including more document types and some categories of research data, especially image and video files. It will also make the link with a nationwide survey more than ten years ago, on the development of open access in France and on the place of grey literature in French open repositories (Stock & Schöpfel, 2009) (Schöpfel & Prost, 2010). We will present empirical data for different document types, and we will analyse their degree of openness (Schöpfel & Prost, 2014), in comparison to other, grey and non-grey resources. Our intention is to identify particular strategies of scientists, of research laboratories and universities regarding the use of the national open repository HAL. We expect to find typical strategies (or lack of strategies) on the local level of research laboratories, and we will try to assess conditions and variables that may explain these differences. We will discuss potential effects of the visibility, impact and evaluation of the laboratories' research output, and conclude with perspectives on future research. If possible (if available at the date of the conference), additional information from a survey with HAL collection managers will be included. Practical implications The results of the empirical study will contribute to a better understanding and to a consistent and informed development of open access strategies by research laboratories. They will also provide rich data for the assessment of the research output of laboratories. Related costs The study is part of the research project HAL/LO funded by GIS URFIST from 2019-2021 with 10,000 euros.

As libraries worldwide confront how to make their resources available to users when their physical spaces were locked down as the Coronavirus challenged safety and wellbeing for the public to visit, conversations around "openness" escalated. Open Science manages to be ahead of the curve as the majority of library users find the journal literature in STEM fields increasingly available but not always open. Other forms of information, particularly books and data, grey literature and video content remain behind paywalls and subscription models. As fast changes occur forcing libraries to augment their collections to meet more intense online needs for at least one quarter of this calendar year, it is a time of reckoning to identify priorities for immediate acquisition and licensing. Publishers, societies and information providers stepped up to open their inventories to libraries worldwide and to reduce the demands on non-functioning traditional interlibrary loan services. This generosity aided students with online textbooks, conducted laboratory learning with different resources, relying on more streaming media, activating online access for materials only held in print, and filled gaps for researchers seeking specialized information to respond to added calls for new supplies and products to fight the spread of the virus. The "shower of benevolence" has constrained human resources in addressing how best to curate and promote this open frontier of largesse that may not be part of any permanent collection. Standards and specifications are resources that are high in demand, as innovation, entrepreneurship and fabrication kick into a fast track to produce facial masks, medical gowns, respirators, ventilators, and other breathing devices needed by health care workers and patients. Information about the relationships of COVID-19 to other science conditions such as pollution, air quality, transportation logistics, and supply chains challenge all protocols for social distancing and human interactions. Library collections have multiplied as the roster of new free content proliferates however short term. The demand for alternative digital resources spawned new and temporary grey solutions delivering large collections of content still under copyright while libraries' physical collections are inaccessible. Two contrasting resources emerged: 1) the HathiTrust.org Emergency Temporary Access Service (ETAS). The HathiTrust opened up copyrighted material in the HathiTrust digital library to readers at member institutions with copies of those items in their physical collections. Millions of digitized books available through HathiTrust, which are also in libraries' collections are now available online to those affiliates via authentication. 2) in another more challenging activity is the emotional response the Authors' Guild made to the Internet Archive, which launched the National Emergency Library to offer free access to millions of in-copyright works. Perceptions of content outside of the sciences have welcomed these transformative albeit controversial challenges to copyright by making humanities and social science literature more digitally available as preferences for print are more pronounced in those disciplines. Additional transitions promoting open science and more generally open access includes how the sharing of information as conferences are postponed or cancelled require other creative ways to engage in professional discourse, information transfer and exchanges. Hosting virtual meetings has associated costs, requires new technologies and cloud storage, and requires different planning strategies to execute and scale accordingly with access to the varied content. This new normal, whether temporary or more permanent is an added challenge to grey literature as access expands to the general public in a more open reach. This paper, US centric, will explore a new openness in how libraries have accepted these unprecedented challenges and responded to meeting users' needs on a constantly changing continuum trying to be as disruption free as possible. A survey will be administered to determine how academic libraries have fared through this time and to determine what impact these changes will have on future library priorities, collections and services. The foundations of Open Science secured a baseline for publishers to partner with the library community and provide access to content not as universally available but became open for this juncture. COVID-19 is an unwanted catalyst that expanded the boundaries about how far open science can stretch in this unexpected environment libraries currently navigate.

The Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic (CECAF) seeks to promote the sustainable utilization of the living marine resources across the Eastern Central Atlantic between Cape Spartel and the Congo river through informed development of fisheries management actions. Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) is contributing to the CECAF-PESCAO project “Improved Regional Fisheries Governance in Western Africa”, by developing a comprehensive inventory of marine fisheries research covering both primary literature (available online on both commercial and free to use platforms) and grey literature available at institutions holdings and not always accessible online. This assessment of fisheries management research in the region will enable CECAF, ASFA and, critically, member countries the means to access relevant contextual and discernible science-based materials and publications. Cataloguing and subsequent bibliometric analysis of large amounts of information specific to regional fisheries management will encourage solid research-based fisheries management recommendations at the national level by highlighting areas of fisheries management to investigate. This paper presents the preliminary results of the research inventory and bibliometric analysis, comparing the amount and type of information available in primary and grey literature collections for the region and at individual country level.

Currently there is a deluge of ‘off-piste’ collaborative authoring going on in Open Science, the adoption of: software versioning systems like GitHub for writing; simulations and code in platforms like Jupyter; or in ‘real time’ web authoring ‘operational transformation algorithm’ based software like Etherpad. Yes, the ‘digital plumbing’ of this publishing flood is just not in place. How do we ID these documents, reuse them for example? These questions have been asked and answered before, but are outside the fast moving, forward looking tech world. As an example, Ted Nelson coined the term ‘transclusion’ (Nelson 1987) back in the ‘80s. Transclusion is a step on from the ‘hyperlink’, another Nelson term, where not just the link of a target is included in a document but instead the whole content (AKA live linked embedding). Currently if you want to link and include another document fragment in your document with persistence, it’s unlikely to work. The panelists will explore how this exciting field can better support research.